Civil Rights And Civil Rights - 850 Words

Alexandra Lebron Professor Miller POS 2041 December 9th, 2017 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Civil rights and civil liberties sound like they mean the same, however, they have very different definitions. As stated in the textbook on page 676, â€Å"to have civil rights means that all rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law†; which means civil rights are our basic rights to freedom. As stated in the textbook as well, â€Å"to have civil liberties means those personal freedoms that are protected for all individuals. Civil liberties typically involve restraining the government’s actions against individuals’. Our civil liberties are protected by our Bill of Rights, it protects us under the First†¦show more content†¦Trump had failed to speak up for civil rights causes.† Reading the article, it seemed like the African-American citizens were not fond of President Trump’s speech, let alone his presence in attending the ceremony. A lot of people think he is racist and taking away our n atural human rights as citizens for even allowing travel ban to certain countries. Living in the 21st century, civil rights including racism and respect should be a simple action to follow. On the contrary, life today is taking us back to the early 90s with all the human discrimination the world has going on. Regarding civil liberties, a recent story also regarding President Trump’s decision on travel ban, as stated in the last paragraph, has risen a lot of eyebrows. American citizens have the right to travel, not that it is a written right, however, we can be free with ourselves of traveling to other countries. With Trump banning travel from eight countries, several people, including The American Civil Liberties Union, feel that part of our rights were taken away from us. Some judges seem that this discriminates certain nationalities, and seems racist for President Trump to do. Civil liberties must be given to us under the words of the Constitution, no law nor president can take that away. There have been several court cases regarding civil liberties and civil rights for decades now. Two court case examples regarding civil rights, found on civilrights.org, are the 1886Show MoreRelatedCivil Rights And Civil Rights Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment 2305 7 OCT 2017 Civil rights verses civil liabilities. Civil rights entail the basic need to be free from unequal treatment based on characteristics such as gender, race, nationality and disability among others. Civil rights are political rights, economic rights and social rights that are entitled to every citizen by birth in order to participate fully without oppression or discrimination against. Civil rights violation occurs in almost all phases of human rights. In case of employment peopleRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1081 Words   |  5 Pages1 McGahey 3 Megan McGahey Sherry Sharifian GOVT 2305 71430 20 September 2017 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights In the U.S. most use the terms Civil Liberties and Civil Rights interchangeably; although they both protect the freedom of citizens they do this in different ways. 2 Civil Liberties are limitations placed on the government. These are things the government is restricted to do, by the constitution. Things that could interfere with personal freedom. 3 For example, the 1st amendment says thatRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1083 Words   |  5 Pages2017 1 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights 2 Civil Liberties are basic rights and freedoms that we are guaranteed by the government. You can find them in the Bill of Rights and in the Constitution. Civil liberties are liberties that we as Americans feel safe to interpret on the daily basis. 3 Some civil liberties include, the right 4 for free speech, the right to privacy, the right to remain silent in a police interrogation, the right to be free from unreasonable searches of your home, the right to aRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1365 Words   |  6 PagesCivil Liberties Evaluation America, a country founded on civil liberties and civil rights which are very strongly protected by law. The United States constitution specifically address the rights and freedoms that all Americans are guaranteed. Now over 200 hundred years later, the United States has rapidly grown, global travel has become more efficient, and threats that were not even imagine now exist. The question that many Americans ask today is has this changed our perception on our civil libertiesRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1329 Words   |  6 Pages2017 Civil Liberties v Civil Rights Civil Liberties and Civil Rights is a pillar for every American citizen. Civil Liberties are specific individual rights a person has that are legally protected from being violated by the government. 1 Civil Liberties include, but are not limited to, right to privacy, right to vote, right to bear arms, and right to marry. Civil Rights provide for the right to be treated equally without discrimination. An easy way to remember the difference between a Civil LibertyRead MoreCivil Rights And Civil Liberties1025 Words   |  5 PagesJennyfer Tshilanda Professor Sharifian Government 2305 September 28th, 2017. 1 Civil rights vs Civil liberties 1. 2 Define Civil Liberties; then define Civil Rights. How are they similar? How do they differ? Which civil sequence has more influence on your life as you know it to be now? Why do you believe this to be so? Civil rights and civil of liberties have regularly been the discussion of different locales throughout the years. In the achievement of social liberties and freedoms, laws and statutoryRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights891 Words   |  4 PagesCivil Liberties and Rights The notion of Civil Liberties and Civil Rights in the United States have their origins before the creation of the country in the writings of the Enlightenment, which was the dominant cultural movement in the years leading up and shortly after the founding of the country. First laid down on paper by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, the proclamation â€Å"all men are created equal† and are â€Å"endowed by their creator with certain, unalienable Rights, that amongstRead MoreCivil Rights Vs. Civil Liberties901 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 2017 Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties In America, today there is a lot of controversy over human’s rights. This is not true of just today, however, this fight for people s rights has been going on for ages. There are two basic types of rights. 2 There are Civil Rights and there are Civil Liberties. Civil Liberties are a broader topic, such as the right to vote or the right to bear arms, they can be directly from the Bill of Rights or the Constitution. While Civil Rights are more specificRead MoreWomans Civil Right1308 Words   |  6 PagesA Women’s Civil Right The speech †A Women’s Civil Right† was written in 1969 and the feminist author Betty Friedan delivered it. Betty Friedan was a proponent of the modern women’s movement and claimed that women in 1969 and onwards should not be trapped in the stereotypical housewife role. Friedan was convinces that social barriers in the society kept women imprisoned in â€Å"the housewife trap†. She wanted women to have better career opportunities, introduce equality with men and to eliminate theRead MoreCivil Right Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss when and why the Cold War ended. 2. Discuss the origins of the Vietnam War, the course of the war over thirty years in the 1940s, and wars impact on the United States, both at home and in terms of foreign policy. 3. Write an essay on the civil rights movement since 1953 in which you discuss the major factors that have contributed to its success and its major gains. Be sure to discuss more than one group and to cite examples from each decade of the 1950s through the 1990s. 4. Discuss the reasons

David Hume on Human Being and Human Knowledge Essay

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hume is an empiricist and a skeptic. He develops a philosophy that is generally approached in a manner as that of a scientist and therefore he thinks that he can come up with a law for human understanding. Hume investigates the understanding as an empiricist to try and understand the origins of human ideas. Empiricism is the notion that all knowledge comes from experience. Skepticism is the practice of not believing things in nature a priori, but instead investigating things to discover what is really true. Hume does not believe that all a posteriori knowledge is useful, too. He believes â€Å"all experience is useless unless predictive knowledge is possible.† There are various types of skepticism that Hume†¦show more content†¦Fire is burning paper. 2. Fire must burn paper. 3. Fire will burn paper. These are all a priori judgments. In other words, there are no connections between any of them. Hume does not believe a priori judgments are viabl e. In fact, he does not even believe all a posteriori judgments are viable, as was noted above. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Let us take a moment to talk about Hume’s origin of ideas. Hume believes in the classic theory of the blank slate – that when we are born, we come into the world with no ideas. Impression is an imprint, meaning that it is something outside the mind. Impressions are not a priori. Consider the mind to be like a ball of wax, knowledge refers to the imprints on the ball of wax. He’s looking for the intrinsic basis. His problem is that scientist and philosophers base knowledge off a priori. If you can trace the idea to the impression then you have the best idea. If you can’t then the origin is subjective. Primary qualities are not subjective; they are inseparable from the thing itself. The world that is out there, that makes an impression on your mind. Trace the idea to the impression. It is important to note that Hume believes we do not have impressions of the future. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is no empirical evidence that the past to carry on to the future. If the past has no rule for the future, experience becomes useless. It is then that customs render the future. â€Å" the mind is carried by custom to except heatShow MoreRelatedDavid Hume Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesDavid Hume Hume, David, 1711-76, Scottish philosopher and historian. Hume carried the empiricism of John Locke and George Berkeley to the logical extreme of radical skepticism. He repudiated the possibility of certain knowledge, finding in the mind nothing but a series of sensations, and held that cause-and-effect in the natural world derives solely from the conjunction ofRead MoreThe Philosophical Issue Of Knowledge1237 Words   |  5 Pagesis how do we acquire knowledge? Acquisition of knowledge is a culture that is very important in the day to day life of each individual. The world itself revolves around knowledge, it is through knowledge that we can get to grow as human beings either in or academics, careers and in life at general. Epistemology has been well explained by the well re-known philosophers such as David Hume and Rene Descartes. This paper focuses on a philosophical issue: how we acquire knowledge, the philosophers whoRead MoreDavid Hume ´s Philosophy Essay875 Words   |  4 Pages Hume’s Epistemology David Hume was a Scottish philosopher known for his ideas of skepticism and empiricism. Hume strived to better develop John Locke’s idea of empiricism by using a scientific study of our own human nature. We cannot lean on common sense to exemplify human conduct without offering any clarification to the subject. In other words, Hume says that since human beings do, as a matter of fact, live and function in this world, observation of how humans do so is imminent. The primaryRead More Age of reason Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesscience, and humanity. The people involved with the Age of Reason were convinced that human reason could discover the natural laws of the universe, the natural rights of mankind, and the progress in knowledge. Each philosopher had his own ideas and theories about the world, nature, and human beings in general, and every philosopher wrote many essays and books about their own personal ideas and opinions (Sartre4). David Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotlan d on May 7, 1711. Educated at home and then at theRead MoreThe Dawn Of The Enlightenment By David Hume1740 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the human condition were born. Namely, an emphasis on reason and logic as the primary mechanisms of humanity was developed. Prolific Scottish philosopher David Hume, best known for his radical use of skepticism to examine every possible concept in the vast index of Enlightenment values, emerged as a revolutionary departure from the traditional French and English Enlightenment thinkers. Hume was known for applying a brand of skepticism in his consideration of concepts such as reason, human sympathyRead MoreThe Arguement for Gods Existance in Hume’s essay, Why Does God Let People Suffer1630 Words   |  7 Pages Why does God let people suffer analysis? In David Hume’s essay, Why Does God Let People Suffer, he allows the reader to question if God exists in the world we live in with all the pain and suffering that goes on. Hume suggests that an all powerful God, such as the one most believe in, would not allow a world to exist with this much pain and suffering that goes on daily. Moreover, Hume basically argues that the existence of God is something that cannot be proven in the way in which scientists lookRead MoreThe Age of Reason1424 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: To discuss the philosophers who participated and had an affect in The Age of Reason. OUTLINE I. David Hume A. Contributions to the Age of Reason B. Who and what influenced him II. Jean Jacques Rousseau A. What he believed in B. Who influenced him III. Claude Adrien Helvetius A. Influences B. Reasons for contribution IV. Immanuel Kant A. How he made a difference B. Why he made a difference C. What caused him to make a difference V. Johann Fichte A. Influences Read MoreWilliam Of Ockham And David Hume931 Words   |  4 Pagesparallels between William of Ockham and David Hume, highlighting for example, the Regularist View of Causality. Answer: David Hume William of Ockham Hume did not deny causation. He embraced it. But he did say that empirical methods could not logically prove its necessity, as observations only show a constant conjunction of events, a regular succession of A followed by B, which leads the mind to the inference of cause and effect. For Hume, causality is something humans naturally believe. Ockham readilyRead MoreKant And David Hume Views On The Matter1457 Words   |  6 Pages Humans make choices daily, both through reasoning and how they are feeling in that moment. There is a collection of external factors that result in choices that lead to an individual to both reason and feel some sort of emotion. Objectively speaking, there is a no fine line between reasoning and how one feels, however there seems to be a distinct difference between the philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume views on the matter. Both are life changing philosophers with very opposing views. OneRead MoreDescartes vs. Hume Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesfor tr uth and knowledge in them. Finding truth and knowledge comes from the individual themselves, not necessarily from God. Descartes also believed that reason is the same for every single person. Descartes believed that nothing could be true unless we as humans could perceive it. He also believed that you could break down things into smaller simpler parts. Descartes also believed that there was a relationship between the mind and body. He also believed that the idea of being perfect originated

Australian Supermarket Industry Duopoly

Question: Discuss about the Australian Supermarket Industry Duopoly. Answer: Introduction The Australian free market is characterized by the existence of various duopolies. One of the major industries with a duopoly market structure is the supermarket industry. Characteristically, a duopoly market is one in which two companies control nearly all of the market share. More specifically, the two competing business units control the majority of the market sector for a given commodity. In Australia, Coles and Woolworths dominate a high proportion of the supermarket industrys market share. Notably, the two firms have controlled the Australian supermarket industry for a long time. However, in the article Aldi boosts range to win a bigger share of $90 billion grocery shop, Catie Low narrates how Aldi is trying to climb the ladder and attain a greater market share in the industry. Firstly, the Aldi seeks to increase the level of competition in the Coles and Woolworths dominated market. According to the article, Aldi plans to boost its grocery selection by approximately 20 percent in a bid to capture a significant proportion of Australias $90 billion grocery market (Low, 2017). Also, it aims at increasing its products by about 250 products to its range of 1450 items (Low, 2017). In turn, this will expand its stake by around 10 percent in the industry. Consequently, this will increase the level of competition to the existing supermarket duopolies in the country. Discussion Essentially, duopoly market structures exist where two sellers have control over the entire industry. It is a form of oligopoly, composed of mainly two large sellers who collude to keep other competitors out of the industry. Additionally, there is the presence of monopolistic characteristics in such markets brought about by the fact that most products are differentiated (Kumar, n.d.). Likewise, the customer loyalty between the two major supermarkets has guaranteed Coles and Woolworths a high market power. Notably, over the past few years, Woolworths and Coles have differentiated their products by integrating own branding techniques, thereby capturing the needs of its consumers (Jones, 2015). The differentiated products have also ensured that consumers believe that the products offered by one company have no direct substitutes. In turn, this has killed the level of competition in the market. Besides, the market concentration of the two markets allows them to set their prices. Cumulatively, the two firms own about 70 percent of the grocery market in the country. In this regard, they can influence the price levels for the products they offer (Leigh Triggs, 2017). On various occasions, Coles and Woolworths have been involved in price undercutting games, thereby reducing the prices of their goods and services. Furthermore, the two firms have many retailer shop fronts all over the country. Therefore, they have been able to cover a wider client area as compared to their competitors. Mainly, this is attributed to the fact their presence in various regions demonstrates the availability and reliability of grocery products in the Australian grocery industry in the country. Consequently, this has led to unfair competition, especially among small retailers in the country who cannot afford to lower their prices to the level set by the two duopolies. In turn, this causes them to make losses, thereby withdraw from the market Source: (Roy Morgan Research, 2016). Furthermore, Woolworths and Coles incorporate technology as a means to attract potential customers to their store. More specifically, the two firms have initiated banking facilities, fuel retail, and insurance in their product list. In turn, this has captured a wide array of customers who can now shop at one stop (Colvin, 2015). There are also additional rewards programs where the retailer stored information so that clients can earn discounts whenever they shop at Woolies and Coles stores. Subsequently, the two firms have substantially increased their market power and dominance, making it difficult for other small companies to compete effectively in the market. In this regard, the efforts initiated by Aldi in a bid to increase its market share and power will be a hard task. As such, the degree and level of competition instigated by Coles and Woolworths may smother the companys profits in the grocery industry, thereby forcing it to leave the market. Most predominantly, the price undercutting mechanism is a notorious strategy that the two duopolies use to drive out competition from the market (Knox, 2014). The proposed increase in its product range to around 1,700 will still be a small fraction of the size of the major supermarkets selection. On average, Coles and Woolworth's store's selection is about 25,000 lines (Low, 2017). For this reason, Aldi may be unable to achieve a substantial proportion of the market share, making it a price taker. In turn, this may result in high losses, following competitive strategies by the two largest retailers. Graphical presentation of market share over time as at 2016 Source: (Roy Morgan Research, 2016). Even so, there is hope for Aldi. Predominantly, one can attribute this to the fact that the company intends to open at least 25 stores every year in the eastern states and continue to expand into new territories of WA and South Australia (Low, 2017). By and large, this will broaden its market share, thus earning a bigger market share. Consequently, this will reinvigorate its sales growth in the mature markets and attract new shoppers with a larger selection of frozen lines and fresh produce. Most importantly, the timing of this changes is perfect. Recently, Coles boss announced that the retailer plans to cut its product lines. For this reason, Aldi will be able to capture Coles customers by offering them a variety of its product lines. It is imperative to note that the continued efforts by Aldi may eventually reap off, thereby accumulate a sizeable market share. Eventually, it may become one of the leading grocery retail stores in the Australian market competing back to back with Woo lworths and Coles. Supermarket customer penetration over time Source: (Roy Morgan Research, 2016), Conclusion Woolworths and Coles have dominated the Australian supermarket industry for a long time. The two duopolies control the retail sector through various mechanisms such as price undercutting and product differentiation. However, Aldi, a major retailer in the Supermarket industry is working its way up the top of the industry to attain a bigger market share in the sector. Essentially, this will be achieved through a continued increase in the number of product lines as well as an expansion in the number of stores. To an extent, this will expand the companys dominance in the market. Over time, Aldi will compete on level ground with Coles and Woolworths. References Colvin, M. (2015). Courts should be empowered to address Coles/Woolworths duopoly: Malcolm Knox. [Online] ABC. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4255287.htm [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Harper Review: a mixed basket for Coles and Woolworths. (2015). [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/harper-review-a-mixed-basket-for-coles-and-woolworths-39640 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Jones, E. (2011). Coles and Woolworths duopoly hard to swallow. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/coles-and-woolworths-duopoly-hard-to-swallow-533 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Knox, M. (2015). Supermarket monsters. [Online] the Monthly. Available at: https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/august/1406815200/malcolm-knox/supermarket-monsters [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Kumar, E. (2011). Top 8 Characteristics of an Oligopoly Market. [Online] Economics Discussions. Available at: https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/oligopoly/top-8-characteristics-of-a-oligopoly-market/7110 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Leigh, A., and Triggs, A. (2017). It's Time To Put Markets Ahead Of Monopolies. [Online] The Huffington Post. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/andrew-leigh/its-time-to-put-markets-ahead-of-monopolies/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Low, C. (2017). Aldi boosts range to win a bigger share of $90 billion grocery shop. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/aldi-boosts-range-to-win-bigger-share-of-90-billion-grocery-shop-20170412-gvj8x7.html [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Market Structures: Duopolies. (2015). [Online] Policonomics. Available at: https://www.policonomics.com/lp-market-structures-duopoly/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Supermarket Sweep: ALDIs share of the Aussie market still rising. (2016). [Online] Roy Morgan Research. Available at: https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6762-supermarket-sweep-aldis-share-of-aussie-market-still-rising-201604142258 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017].

To What Extent Unethical Marketing Technique free essay sample

To what extent unethical marketing techniques could damage the sustainable business environment. Discuss. Marketing is like a double-edged sword, if it is adopted properly, it will give profits to a company; however, if it is used inadequately, it will give harm. It is undeniable that today’s business operations have more intense competition level against each other due to the advancement of technology that allows people to receive more information. Marketing plays the key role in making products being recognized by consumers. To get people’s attention, some massages about the product need to be sent to the target market. With the high level of competition, the unethical marketing issues arise in order to make their own firms gain more attentions. However, this affects directly on customers as they are misled by dishonest advertisements, and it can impact the organization as well, as it destroys the sustainable business environment of a company. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Unethical Marketing Technique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The paper will firstly explain about the selected unethical marketing techniques that commonly used in advertising and promotion with some examples, and then will move on to the discussion about sustainable business environment and the impacts of unethical marketing practices to the organization. Unethical marketing techniques Dishonest advertising is commonly practiced by today businesses, and it is one of the top ten concerned ethical issues in marketing practices besides bribery and unfair pricing issues (Chonko amp; Hunt, 2000). The unethical marketing issues in advertisement have been a critical discussion for a long time because it is not a ‘recent phenomenon’. Dishonest advertising can be practiced through the promoting a false or misleading statement about the product in order to draw public attentions as advertisements are the powerful marketing tool persuading people to try and purchase the product (Thachappilli, 2010). Several selected advertising and promotion tactics that this paper will discuss are individual autonomy, consumer sovereignty, brand parody, and comparative advertising. Individual autonomy is considered to be unethical when a company focuses on those target audiences who have a low level of autonomy or maturity. The advertising targets at a group of people who are lack of ability to aware or respond to the product promoting through the psychoactive ads. This strategy arouses one’s desire toward a particular product, which affects and reflects is self-esteem and social status. It also uses the ‘sneer group pressure’ to lure people to follow the mainstream as they are in the materialism culture. The advertising promotion usually uses the role model to attract the target market. And, the victims of this kind of advertisement, usually, are young people, who lack of experience to recognize the manipulative power of advertising (Nwachukwu et al. , 1997). Unlike adults, children have less ability to differentiate between the marketing and the real fact. They also tend to belief in the advertisement and likely to have more purchase requests as many of them can influence parents’ spending decision. However, if those children live in poverty, this can trigger numerous social problems: young thieves, young drug dealers, and, the worst case, young murderers. The example of the advertisement that is heavily criticized about targeting on people who are not autonomous is from the famous athlete shoes brand, the Nike Air Jordan campaign. Critics support that Nike used the role model to target young people, who are not able to afford an expensive pair of athletic shoes (Nwachukwu et al. , 1997). Even though children are a lucrative market, it is unethical to target on them. Consumer sovereignty practice is more ethical when an advertisement focuses on people who are knowledgeable, aware of the uses of the product and the availability of alternative products or brands (high level of sovereignty consumers), but it is unethical when it targets to those who are less aware of these factors (low level of sovereignty consumers). For example, the consumers in developed countries, like from Europe and North America, are more knowledgeable and sophisticated than the consumers in developing countries, like from Africa. An unethical issue arises when an advertisement focuses on people who do not know about the information about the product, as well as its side effects, and the advertisement tries to misleading them. An example of unethical consumer sovereignty practice is the marketing of infant formula to those unknowledgeable mothers living in less developed nations during 1960s and 1970s. Those advertisements tried to promote the infant formula by sending out milk nurses, who were actually sales persons dressed up in nurse uniforms, to demonstrate the product and recommend those mothers to feed their babies with the infant formula. They misled the fact that breastfeeding is a better alternative choice. As the result of being uninformed mothers, higher numbers of sick and malnourished babies were reported due to the drop of breastfeeding and over blending the formula (Nwachukwu et al. , 1997). Hence, it is unethical to market on unknowledgeable group of people as this kind of advertisement fails to reveal the true fact that the consumer should know. Brand parody strategy is the act of using the certain physical trait from media, such as TV series, films, important events in society, book, in a humorous way. There are plenty of parodies in advertising nowadays. Unfortunately, there are limited numbers of researches studying further about a competitor brand parody. Zinkan and Johnson, the first two people studying parody in advertising, stated that â€Å"advertising reflects popular culture. In extreme case, their reflection takes the form of parody†. They also said that the level of success of a parody depends on the high level of recognition of the original advertisement by the audience. If the original one is launched by the popular company and is widely recognized, the parody version will be the talk of the town. Sony, the world’s leading electronic devices company, revealed that ‘only the best are copied’. Thus, the popularity of the original work can guarantee the success of a parody. However, it is unethical practice when it is done by competitors as it is used to attack rivals’ brand images and/or products. For instance, iPod was parodied by SanDisk. SanDisk posted a website called ‘iDon’t’ to persuade people to use Sansa e200 MP3 player by SanDisk rather than using iPod from Apple with a message said, â€Å"the time has come to rise up against the iTatorship. There is an alternative† (Jean, 2011; Krazit, 2006). This shows that SanDisk tried to provoke consumers not to use Apple products, and it is unethical to use a parody to attack a competitor. Figure 1: iDon’t advertising campaign From http://www. maccast. com/category/random-thoughts/page/4/ Comparative advertising strategy is the ads that mention one product is superior to another product. It is unethical when one company tries to launch advertisements that attack its competitors both directly and indirectly, with or without the mention of competitor’s title and/or goods, but there is a link between the advertiser and the competitors, and the competitors are affected by the campaign (â€Å"The danger,† n. d. ; Miskolczi-Bodnar, 2004). To illustrate, the famous fast food restaurant, Burger King, used the famous clown character, Ronald McDonald, from its competitor’s company, McDonald’s, in Burger King’s TV advertisement. It is obvious that the advertisement tries to communicate that even Ronald McDonald chooses Burger King’s hamburger (MARQUES, 2005). And, this is misleading as it effects McDonald’s reputation. In addition, this TV advertisement was banned in Germany and was a big discussion issue in Netherlands (van Leeuwen, 2005; MARQUES, 2005). Figure 2: Ronald McDonald visits Burger King advertising campaign From: http://www. marques. rg/Newsletters/Downloads/Issue%20No081. pdf The sustainable business environment can be greatly impacted by these unethical marketing practices. More and more companies use unethical techniques to market their target group, and sometimes, to beat their competitors. Those companies may select the unethical way to do marketing and may claim that it is technically legal as the action is not against the law, but it fails in term of the ethical view. Nevertheless, it is not worth for those companies to apply unethical marketing strategies as there are negative consequences from using these unethical tactics. Before discussing about the negative impacts of immoral marketing techniques, let’s take a look at the sustainable business environment first. Lee Cockerell, the former executive vice president of operations for Walt Disney World Resort, gives his opinion about the sustainable business environment by stating that â€Å"good leaders are environmentalists: their responsibility is to create a sustainable business environment—that is, one that is calm, clear, crisp, and clean, with no pollution, no toxins, and no waste—in which everyone flourishes† (â€Å"Creating a sustainable,† 2009). It is clear that to have the sustainable business environment, a company should adopt and enforce the ethical ways to do business within the organization. A company is required to go beyond the line: besides following the law, rules, and regulations, a company needs to implement codes of ethics along with activities in the organization to promote and reduce unethical behaviors (Chonko amp; Hunt, 2000; Nwachukwu et al. , 1997). Being an ethical ompany and having sustainable business environment can give the firm several advantages, which are: creating trust among stakeholders, which can also attract more financial sources from ethical investors: getting positive brand image and word of mouths from customers, which can raise more demand from ethical-concerned customers: enhancing reputation, which can raise brand awareness from society—and these benefit a firm in long-run as working in an ethical working environment can motivate employees—leading to better business perfor mance, and a company will get better support from public (â€Å"Ethical issues,† n. . ; Thachapilly, 2010). With the higher degree of competition, a company may adopt unethical marketing techniques to get attention and to attack other companies. However, consumers are now more aware of ethical issues than ever. With the advance of information technology, they have a chance to gain more information and freely give opinions toward a product and service (Thachappilly, 2010). And, this forces a company to implement more ethical techniques in doing a business, including the marketing process, as consumers can trace what advertisers have claimed from the Internet (Perkins, 2007). If a company is regarded as unethical one or adopting unethical marketing tactics, that company cannot retain its sustainable business environment because of being dishonest to its consumers. The damage of using unethical marketing techniques is detrimental. It will drastically damage the brand image, reputation, and customers’ perception toward a company—and these will impact its operation as the consequence. According to Thomas et al. (2002), intangible evidence, like ethical image and behaviors, is usually evaluated and judged by customers—and this is how customers perceive the brand. If the customers see that a company adopts unethical tactics, they will perceive that company as a dishonest one, which can affect their future purchasing decisions. Ferrell (n. d. ) stated that â€Å"reputation is a marketing asset†. She further explained that it is also another greatest intangible asset of an organization because it built over years of operation. Only one negative occurrence can negatively affect customers’ perceptions toward the brand image and its reputation for a long period of time. This can also impact on sales margin and customer relationship, as a company destroys their trusts. It takes time to develop positive reputation, but it can be destroyed in a blink of the eye, and it cannot restore right away. All above, customers have high influence on a company as they one of the primary stakeholders: ones who support its product and can make the business run. They may punish a dishonest firm by boycotting its goods, avoiding purchasing, and even condemning the brand on the Internet or social network—this is the power of public opinion (Jean, 2010; Thachapilly, 2009). In shareholders’ dimension, new investors may refuse to buy shares from a company that practices unethical behaviors and has bad image. Employees may seek for a new job in a good reputation for responsible behavior company as their current workplace is known as unethical firm, they do not have motivation to work for an unethical organization. Moreover, an unethical firm may lose its market shares to competitors who use more ethical techniques. All these consequence damages the sustainable environment of a business. All in all, plenty of unethical marketing techniques are adopted by many business operations. The selected techniques are related to the advertisement and promotion. First one is advertisements targeting on not autonomous audience, like young people, through the use of their desires, social forces and role models. Second technique is about advertisement focusing on low sovereignty consumer, or those who have limited information about a product and falsely suggested by sales representatives to use that good without knowing that there are other choices of consumption. The third technique is the brand parody strategy, which is the remade version of advertisement by a competitor that can harm the original work’s image and reputation. The fourth strategy is the comparative advertising strategy that advertisers intend to compare its product with the competitor’s product and persuade that their product is better. Adopting unethical marketing practices can damage the sustainability business environment. Consumers may go against the product from unethical business operators since they have a bad perception toward the brand image. The bad reputation will affect the sustainable environment as well, as it affects investors’ decision making in buying shares from that company. Employees may resign from the company that has unsustainable business environment as it is titled as an irresponsible and immoral firm and they are lack of motivation to work for an unethical organization. Lastly, the public will support alternative brands that are more ethical in doing their businesses. And, this makes the company losing its sustainable business environment as the unethical ways give only short-term benefits, which is enjoying profits, rather than giving long-term advantages. References Chonko, L.