Essay on Escape in The Glass Menagerie -- Glass Menagerie essays

Escape in The internal-combustion engine Menagerie In Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, none of the characters are capable of living in the real world. Laura, Amanda, tomcat and Jim use various methods to escape the brutalities of life. Laura retreats into a world of field glass animals and old gramophone records. Amanda is obsessed with living in her past. Tom escapes into his world of poetry writing and movies. Jim also reverts to his past and remembers the days when he was a hero. Laura retreats into a world of glass animals and old gramophone records. Even when it appears that Laura is finally overcoming her shyness and hypersensitivity with Jim, she instantly reverts substantiate to playing the Victrola once he tells her hes engaged. She is unable to cope with the truth so she goes back to her fantasy world of records and glass figurines. Laura can only live a brief moment in the real. Amanda is obsessed with her past as she constantly reminds Tom and Laura of t hat one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain when she received seventeen gentlemen callers (Williams 32). The reader cannot even be sure that this actually happened. However, it is clear that despite its possible falsity, Amanda has make out to believe it. She refuses to acknowledge that her daughter is crippled and refers to her handicap as a little defect - hardly noticeable (Williams 45). Only for brief moments does she ever admit that her daughter is crippled and thusly she resorts back to denial. She doesnt perceive anything realistically. She believes that this gentleman caller, Jim, is going to be the man to rescue Laura and she hasnt even met him yet. She tells Laura when Laura is nervous about the gentleman caller, You couldnt be satisfied with just academic session home, whe... ...he major characters in this play are so warped and their lives so distorted and perverted by fantasies that each is left with only broken fragments of what mogul have been (Davis 205).Works Cit ed Thompson, Judith J. Tennessee Williams Plays Memory, Myth, and Symbol. New York Peter Land Publishing, Inc., 1987. Davis, Joseph K. Landscapes of the Dislocated Mind in Williams The Glass Menagerie. Tennessee Williams A Tribute. Ed. Jac Tharpe. Hattiesburg Heritage Printers, Inc., 1977. 192-206. Scanlan, Tom. Family and Psyche in The Glass Menagerie. twentieth Century Interpretations of The Glass Menagerie. Ed. R.B. Parker. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983. 96-108. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. Concise Anthology of American Literature. Ed. George McMichael. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985. 2112-2156

Bradbury :: Biography Biographies

BradburyA common theme in science fiction is outer space. Many of Bradburys stories take place there. As critic Wayne L. Johnson observes, For Bradbury, space is non merely a stage upon which stories of the future are played, it is what the Great Plains were to the pioneers, not just a frontier but a symbol of the future for the valet race (49). If space serves as a symbol of the future for the human race, the story Kaleidoscope has a large amount of symbolism. In this story, the crew of a spaceship is shot into space. The first concussion cut the rocket up the side with a giant can opener. The men were thrown into space like a dozen wriggling silverfish. They were scattered into a dark sea and the ship, in a million pieces, went on, a meteor swarm seeking a bemused sun (Bradbury The Stories of Ray Bradbury 143). The view expressed in Kaleidoscope is that although people amount from one original being, they grow apart all the time. This divergent evolution is understanda bly expressed as each member of the crew, although separated for a short time, changes their view on the situation. The crewmen being hurled at the sun has a happy attitude, sequence the ones being hurled into darkness are engulfed in it. Bradbury might have not intended the reader to find this theme in the story, but it shows how creatures adapt to their environment. some different element of Bradburys writing is robots. Wayne L. Johnson explains that the robot represents the ultimate heart of the scientific conceit, wherein mens knowledge of the universe becomes so great that he is able to play deity and create other men (73). Robots represent the degrading value of life present in society. All of Bradburys robot stories found in The Stories of Ray Bradbury come to unhappy endings. They are horror stories as well as light-hearted warnings against taking robots for granted (74). Many stories with robots are considered science fiction because robots are considered to be futuristic things. Bradbury uses robots to show the value people place on science over human beings. In Marionettes, Inc., two men are unhappy with their wives. One man, Braling tells the other man, Smith, that he has purchased a robot to take his place as a husband.

Archetypes in John Keats La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad Essay

Archetypes in John Keats La Belle Dame Sans Merci A BalladDuring the romanticist Movement in literature, numerous writers fed off one anothers ideas thus, creating various patterns which reoccur throughout literary give-up the ghosts. According to The literary productions Network, John Keats is usually regarded as the archetype of the Romantic writer. Therefore, Keats himself is thought to be the original model for the writer during the Romantic Era. In his poem, La Belle Dame sans Merci A Ballad, Keats uses various archetypes which provide added meaning and depth to this work of literature. The archetype may be defined as the original model from which something is developed or made in literary criticism, those images, figures, character types, settings, and story patterns thatargon universally shared by people across cultures (Murfin and Ray 29). Analytical psychologist Carl Jung believes that archetypes are embedded deep in humanitys collective unconscious and involve r acial memories of situations, events, and relations that have been part of human experience from the beginning (Murfin and Ray 29). Therefore, the archetype reoccurs over and over again in literary works from all time periods, such as seasonal connotations. For example, the season of spring is commonly associated with comedy, while summer is affiliated with romance. Archetypal, or Jungian, criticism focuses on the various archetypes which occur in literature. It emerged in the 1930s and primarily focuses on those patterns in a particular literary work that commonly recur in other literary works (Murfin and Ray 28). Northrop Frye, author of The Anatomy of Criticism, viewed the vast corpus of literary works as a self-contained literar... ...ot present inside the poem, readers would not automatically associate the characters and images with a prior memory thus, readers would not be able to become aware of the circumstances and nature of the characters quite as easily. There fore, the archetypal characters and images in Keats La Belle Dame sans Merci A Ballad provide important insights into the depth and meaning of the characters and occurrences within the poem itself.Works CitedJohn Keats. The Literature Network. 21 Feb. 2006 .Keats, John. La Belle Dame sans Merci A Ballad. The Norton Anthology of English Literature Seventh Edition, Volume 2. Ed. M.H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 845-846.Murfin, Ross & Ray, Supryia M. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms Second Edition. capital of Massachusetts Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.

Fast Breeder Reactors Essay -- Nuclear Power Energy

Fast stock breeder ReactorsAbstractIn this report I will investigate how different breeder reactors operate, the many an(prenominal) problems addressed by the Fast Breeder Reactor, including efficiency and cost, the disadvantages of Fast Breeder Reactors, and working examples that have been constructed throughout the world.IntroductionThere is another type of neo nuclear energy, an interesting idea that will grow on you, so to speak. If one were to think of an alternative nuclear energy source, a pebble bed nuclear fission reactor or namely fusion reactors come to mind. The Liquid Metal Fast Breeder reactor (FBR) is the alternate alternative reactor. FBRs first went critical (became operational) in 1951 with the American experimental EBR-1 in Idaho. FBRs, in principle, produce more fissile corporeal than they produce. Although they still need a blend of stable fertile material with fissile enkindle, the fact that they convert this mix to a unified fissile material while generati ng electricity at the same time is the primary yard these reactors are appealing. The technology used for FBRs has been consistently researched in the US, USSR, France, UK, Germany, Japan, China, and India at different points in time beginning in 1949 with initial design work performed on the EBR-I in the US (Encarta-2005). Asian countries currently lead the world in the effort being invested in this type of reactor. We could see a significant compute of FBRs being built within the next 25 to 50 years, as the demand for fossil fuels increases with pollution and the constant and inefficient consumption of fossil fuel supplies by all nations. Are FBRs a viable energy source for California or the US? I will discuss the atomic mathematical process that FBRs use to operate, the problems the... ...Foundation. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MonjuNuclear Power Reactors. (2005). Nuclear Energy. In Encarta Reference Library 2005 CD-ROM.Microsoft Corporation.Nucl ear reactor. (2006). In Wikipedia Web. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorFast Breeder Reactors Do They Have the Juice? Breeder Reactors 11Nuclear Waste and Breeder Reactors - Myth and Promise. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from agree.net Web site http//www.agree.net/DefenseWatch/Nuclear%20Waste%20and%20Breeder%reactors.htmShi, R. R. Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor. Retrieved July 20, 2006, Web site http//www.nuc.berkeley.edu/thyd/ne161/shir/project5.htmlSuperphenix. (2006). Superphenix. In Wikipedia Web. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix

Evolutionary Theory: The Relationship Between Science and Religion :: Evolution

Evolutionary Theory The Relationship Between Science and ReligionIn The Selfish Gene (1), Dawkins introduced the concept of replicating units of information, called memes. They compete for our minds and our hearts, replicating in society in the form of fairy tales, catchy tunes, moral codes and theories. One of the most prolific struggles today occurs between the titanic memes of Science and Religion. While their relationship is complex, its historical escape is one of co-evolution, mapping the gradual accumulation of adaptive responses to each other. As these stories change, so too do our networks of meaning. Uneasy bedfellowsIn considering the Christian faith (not much important than any other, but one that I am familiar with), the role of devotion is typically perceived as one of moral guidance. forwards science arrived on the scene in the West, however, religion also served an explanatory function, as through the Bibles story of creation. This role did not fade into the back ground when a fledgling science was first established. As a matter of fact, scientific endeavors were appropriated by graphic theologians funded by the Church (for example, through the 19th century Bridgewater Treatises (2)) to designate the existence of God through the manifestations of intelligent design in nature. Gradually, science began to develop its own philosophy and methodologies. It even began to provide new answers to the how questions that religion had previously addressed. Then came evolution. In 1859, the publication of Darwins Origin of Species (3) held a magnifying glass to the fissure that had been growing. The two giants found themselves playing with different sets of rules. Revelation and faith, fundamental methodologies in religion, were solely unacceptable to science. Lovers spatAlthough religion relegated control of explanation and began to focus on spirituality and values, the conflict is far from resolved. Dawkins (4), like many other proponents of science , simply believes that religion is obsolete. Learning and knowledge, he argues, will clear the cobwebs in our minds that gave rise to religion in the first place. Others have proposed science as a new deist religion (5) and moral system (6), praising its commitment to evidence and philosophy of deduction. Those in agreement have raised their own Big Questions (7) from within the ranks of the natural and social sciences, as well as the humanities. Discussions in the World Question Centre (8), for example, range from democracy and complexity to sustainability and fear.

Evolutionary Theory: The Relationship Between Science and Religion :: Evolution

Evolutionary Theory The Relationship Between Science and religious beliefIn The Selfish Gene (1), Dawkins introduced the concept of replicating units of information, called memes. They compete for our minds and our hearts, replicating in society in the form of fairy tales, catchy tunes, moral codes and theories. One of the most productive struggles today occurs between the titanic memes of Science and Religion. While their relationship is complex, its historical trajectory is one of co-evolution, mapping the gradual accumulation of adaptive responses to each other. As these stories change, so too do our networks of meaning. Uneasy bedfellowsIn considering the Christian faith (not more important than any other, but one that I am old(prenominal) with), the role of righteousness is typically perceived as one of moral guidance. Before cognition arrived on the scene in the West, however, religion also served an instructive function, as through the Bibles story of creation. This rol e did not fade into the background when a fledgling science was first established. As a matter of fact, scientific endeavors were appropriated by natural theologians funded by the Church (for example, through the 19th century Bridgewater Treatises (2)) to prove the existence of God through the manifestations of intelligent design in nature. Gradually, science began to develop its own school of thought and methodologies. It even began to provide new answers to the how questions that religion had previously addressed. Then came evolution. In 1859, the publication of Darwins Origin of Species (3) held a magnifying glass to the quip that had been growing. The two giants found themselves playing with different sets of rules. Revelation and faith, fundamental methodologies in religion, were simply unacceptable to science. Lovers spatAlthough religion relegated control of explanation and began to focus on spirituality and values, the conflict is far from resolved. Dawkins (4), like many other proponents of science, simply believes that religion is obsolete. Learning and knowledge, he argues, will clear the cobwebs in our minds that gave rise to religion in the first place. Others have proposed science as a new agnostic religion (5) and moral system (6), praising its commitment to evidence and philosophy of deduction. Those in agreement have raised their own Big minds (7) from within the ranks of the natural and social sciences, as well as the humanities. Discussions in the World Question Centre (8), for example, range from democracy and complexity to sustainability and fear.

Building Natural Hazard Resilient Communities In India Environmental Sciences Essay

India is extremely unprotected ut or so born(p) misfortunes chiefly due to its instead alone geographical location and climatic conditions. Earthquakes, cyclones, inundations, drouth and landslides hurt been witnessed independently. More than half of the land mass is vulner sufficient to temblors of different effects. Large parts of its land mass argon prone to cyclones and drouth. These events deem lead to the deceases of several people, supplanting of colonies and devastation to places. As exemplified by the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 and the south Asia temblor of 2005, India notify be said to be one of the intimately disaster prone states in the universe.Our universe can be a dynamic and dramatic topographic point to populate in. Extreme subjective jeopardies in time threaten the being of great(p) priapic, species and communities bidwise. More often than was antecedently witnessed, the electronic and print media study scenes of decease, desolation and desperation brought about by immense temblors, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, inundations, drought etc.These catastrophes agree grown to go a major cause for concern in countries of the universe with really long coastlines like India because the hap of these catastrophes halt become really frequent in the recent yesteryear and hold had their effect on life and supports. Existing low degrees of technological cultivation every bit good as societal, economical and gender inequalities enhance the exposure of the low, illiterate and unskilled coastal communities in India. As a issue of these conditions, the resiliency required to resile back to pre catastrophe conditions is extremely limited.Of greater concern presently is the identified inter relationship between poorness, clime revolution environment debasement and related natural catastrophes interacting in a reciprocally reinforcing mode. This identified relationship earnestly shackles sustainable outgrowth and can do absurd any litt le additions that may hold been recorded in natural endangerment moderation planning and policy maturement.In recent times, authorities governments in charge have implemented a displacement in paradigm in their attack to disaster direction. This new school of idea is borne out of the ruling that tuition can non be sustained unless catastrophe extenuation is built into the procedure of rise upment. Another of event portion of this attack is that extenuation and planning have to encompass a multi disciplinary attack crossing across all sectors of development. This attack besides embraces the fact that investings in extenuation and planning are some(prenominal) more cost effectual than outgo on alleviation and rehabilitation. This bottom up attack adopted helps beef up the edifice of sustainable patterns undertaken by resource hapless households of this partInfluence OF NATURAL DISASTERSNatural jeopardies and later catastrophes have become a portion and package of human being. It has been said that the jar of a meteorite on earth lead to the pass overing out of dinosaurs and several carnal species about 65 million old ages ago. These sorts of events are really grand nevertheless.Geophysical jeopardies like temblors which can trip tsunami moving ridges and volcanic eruptions on the other manus have assumed more frequent happening rates. These jeopardies have their beginning from deep inside the Earth s inside and they occur as a instant of perpendicular supplanting of tectonic home bases at the underside of the ocean. Earthquakes that trigger extremely crushing tsunamis moving ridges can happen as was the instance with the catastrophe of December 26, 2004 ( Bilham, 2005 ) .Hydro-meteorological jeopardies like cyclones, inundations, drouth, landslides etc were responsible for a advanced gear per centum of deceases recorded in the 1890ss.The rate at which geophysical jeopardies have occurred in the past few decennaries has remained comparatively change less while the hydro-meteorological jeopardies have witnessed a burning(prenominal) addition in recent times.There have been important events like the thaw of ice caps in the polar part, ocean degree rise and a more frequent happening of jeopardies like inundations, drouths, hurricanes, typhoons etc.These events lend acceptance to the premise that planetary heating is helping and act uponing clime alteration ( IFRC, 2001 ) . Experts have discovered that the cap of sea ice in the artic ocean melted to its brokenest size for over a century ( Revkin, 2005 ) .The terrible storms of the past decennary have besides been blamed on higher sea surface temperature and increased weewee vapor in the lower ambiance which in bend are a effect of planetary heating ( Trenberth, 2005 ) . It has besides been reported that planetary heating may take to an upward tendency in tropical destructive potency.More late, terrible hurricanes that devastated New Orleans and some parts of Texas in the USA in 2005 and the tsunami that ravaged states around the Indian Ocean in 2004 were attributed to the effects of planetary heating by experts and media houses likewise. It must be mentioned here that the bulk of these natural catastrophes largely affect the development states and the hapless in developed 1s only when because they have limited get bying capacity as a consequence of terrible deficiency of proficient and fiscal resources.The negative impacts of clime alteration like heavy rainfall which lead to inundations and worsening rainfall taking to drought hold inauspicious effects on the economic corpse and nutrient protective cover in local communities. Climate alteration besides puts more stress on socio-economic and ecological set-up of coastal India which is already stressed as a consequence of urbanization, globalisation and industrialisation. These jeopardies even cause greater adversity to occupants of states with long coastlines.India with a dumbly populated low lying coas tline widening to over 7000km, is extremely vulnerable to sea degree rise. A great per centum of Paddy Fieldss in coastal parts are extremely vulnerable to flood by sea H2O ( Gupta, 2005 ) .Small island states like Maldives and Seychelles have about all their land mass at less than one metre above sea degree. The effects of sea degree rise for such countries of the universe as predicted by planetary climatic theoretical accounts will be drastic and lay waste toing as several lives will be lost and belongingss destroyed.The hazard of temblor happening is rather high for several parts of India ( Rao, 2005 ) . Predictions of high magnitude temblors along the misplay of Sumatra which lies south E of the old event of 2005 ruptures and the part adjacent have been made by experts. This part last failed in the 19th century, sometime in 1833 and it is believed that accrued significant strain exists within this country ( Lay et wholly, 2005 ) .Current attempts by the local governments and th e international community to better tsunami warning capablenesss appear confirm granted the fact that future big graduated table temblors along the Sumatra mistake are extremely likely to happen.As a consequence of this states of the Indian Ocean have created and continually better on a part broad warning system in readying for the apply uping at choke catastrophe ( Stone and Kerr, 2005 ) .The of all time turning population along the coastline of India will hold to be prepared for a much higher strength of hydro-meteorological jeopardies. Consequently, there is demand for little island states with long coastlines to pay equal attending to disaster direction with peculiar accent on the coastal parts. There is printing press demand for conjunct attempts at diversifying coastal economic systems with a position to heightening catastrophe recovery and edifice resiliency to the effects of these natural catastrophes ( Allenby and Fink, 2005 ) picThe exposure of any given country of c ommunity to natural catastrophes has societal, economic and ecological positions in add-on to fiscal and proficient capacities of the countries concerned. It refers to the degree to which physical assets and socio-economic implement are susceptible or resilient to the impacts of these natural jeopardies. Vulnerability is besides enhanced if susceptibleness to natural jeopardies in non provided for in development patterns.A pen up relationship can be seen between population addition in developing states, debasement of the environment, higher human exposure and the frequence and strength of natural jeopardy happening. An illustration of this can be seen in the fact that both loss of human life and strength of harm were much worse where the genus Rhizophora mangle had experienced debasement when the Orisa Cyclone occurred in 1999. Environmental debasement fussyly with respects to forest screen remotion, is a critical factor in the transubstantiation of a jeopardy or climatic extrem e such as heavy rainfall, into a catastrophe ( Myers, 1989 ) .A barbarous and reciprocally reinforcing oscillation is create by environmental debasement, poorness and natural jeopardy exposure. In this state of affairs, the hapless are forced unrecorded alarmingly near to natural jeopardy hot musca volitanss and at the same exploit environmental resources for endurance.As a consequence of this, they become extremely vulnerable to the impact of temblors, cyclones, tsunamis etc. Among the hapless population, adult female and kids appear to be more vulnerable because of physical and socio-economic disabilities. Economic globalization has sped up the migration of immature work forces from the outlandish to the urban countries in hunt of employment chances.This leads to the feminization of poorness where much of the rural agribusiness remains at the subsistence degree. Already faced with gender related disadvantages, the deterioration of economic position makes adult females much mo re vulnerable. It has been reported that four times as many adult female died in the December, 2004 tsunami as work forces ( Aglionby, 2005 ) .The of import thing here lies in the fact that both utmost and non so violent jeopardies exert their utmost effects unevenly in urban and rural environments, males and females and the rich and hapless.Natural Hazard Map of IndiaFig 1. Hazard Map of India. Beginning www.mapsofindia.comPoverty, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND NATURAL DISASTERSThe section of economic sciences of the United Nations came up with a background papers for sustainable development at the universe acme held in South Africa in 2002. One of the documents submitted on the International outline for Disaster Reduction asked if sustainable development along with other instruments aimed at the protection of the environment and poorness decrease can be successful without seting into good will the hazard and impacts of natural jeopardies. The obvious echoing reply was negative. Policies and steps aimed at catastrophe decrease should enable communities to go resilient to natural jeopardies while guaranting development attempts do non increase exposure. There exists linkages between poorness, environmental debasement and natural catastrophes and they are reciprocally reenforcing. Forest debasement straight and indirectly increases exposure to natural catastrophes. Resource hapless landless rural adult females and work forces migrate to neighboring urban countries in order to do a life and break in up as environmental refugees ( Myers, 2002 ) .Any sensible attempt to undo these barbarous linkages will necessitate pressing attending to the decrease of menaces to sustainable rural development, preservation, Restoration, cut downing environmental debasement and sustainable use of natural resources. Developing states like India should try to ship on vigorous household be aftering programmes in order to look into the scaring rate of population addition.Developed states with high rates of human resource development have to cut down their think on fossil fuels but besides portion their production engineerings and schemes of salvaging energy with the less developed 1s.The harmful effects of clime alteration possess a transboundary nature as it impacts are felt in every portion of the Earth. This fact leaves human sort with no other option but to critical point forces and collaborate with respects to minimising the negative impacts.As a consequence, the integrating of catastrophe direction with programmes and policies that support sustainable development is imperative.Vulnerability to natural catastropheDsEnvironmental debasement & A clime alterationPoverty and hungrinessBarbarous spiralSet back to sustainable developmentFig 2. diagrammatical look of feedback relationshipRISK REDUCTION MEASURESAs a consequence of the annihilating effects of the Orisa cyclone of 1999, the Gujarat temblor of 2001, the tsunami of 2004 and a series of natural ca tastrophes, a high exposure to natural catastrophes has been identified. This owes to physical exposure, propinquity to guess prone zones, ailment maintained rubber criterions to counter effects of jeopardies and socio-economic disabilities.A witting attempt for catastrophe hazard decrease later developed with support from several organisations. The spread that existed between information coordination and sharing was identified as experience and intelligence by catastrophe professionals was remaining put with them.The authorities of India has adopted bar and extenuation as important parts of developmental scheme. The program merely supports the fact that development if planning and extenuation are non built into the development procedure. Each state or land is to develop a strategy for catastrophe direction in line with the attack of the defined program. Simply put, extenuation is being integrated into developmental planning.One of the several enterprises is fundamentally about t he application of corporate cognition of the salutary work force to accomplish laid down organizational ends. It aids the procedure by which cognition is created, shared and applied. The cognition direction rhythm is made up of three positions viz. direction, application and organisation.Management which focuses on capturing, organizing and easing cognitionApplication trades with the smooth retrieval of required information with hunts. It relies on the cognition combination portion of the theoretical account.Organization trades with acquisition, sharing and partnering. This is chiefly the instruction part of the rhythm.Information about catastrophe readiness and extenuation steps policy guidelines have been available from assorted beginnings for some clip now. Faced with these natural catastrophes, 1000000s of people are badly affected due to non-existent or unequal laissez passerer mechanisms. The ground for this is that information is non been transformed into life salvaging co gnition for and by the existent communities at hazard.Due to the fact that India remains one of the most disaster prone states in the universe because of its big population, geo-climatic and socio economic conditions, authorities of India, through the place personal businesss office, in concurrence with nongovernmental administrations, educational and research establishments has been able to set this cognition program into action.With respects to temblors, a national nucleus group consisting experts in temblor technology and decision makers.They were assigned the undertaking of puff up a scheme for extenuating the impacts of temblors, furnishing advice on temblor extenuation, developing enchiridions for temblor immune buildings and working out systems for helping seismically vulnerable countries to follow and incorporate appropriate criterions and codifications in edifice byelaws.They were besides tasked with germinating systems for preparation of local applied scientists and pra ctising designers in the private sector and developing a enfranchisement system for applied scientists and designers for proving their cognition of temblor immune building. They were besides staked with preparation Masons and shiping n public consciousness runs.The provinces were tasked with developing Hazard Safety Cells ( HSCs ) with the main applied scientist of the province public works section in charge in order to set up a mechanism for proper execution of edifice codifications and safety of constructions and edifices from assorted jeopardies. These cells will transport out appropriate design reappraisal of all authorities edifices to be constructed and act as advisers to authorities for retrofitting lifeline edifices. many of these cells exist in Rajasthan, West Benghal and a few other provinces.RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThe major aim of sustainable development is to make and keep comfortable ecological, societal and economic systems. There exists an confidant ne xus between these systems as worlds can transform the ecological system and they besides depend on it for nutrient, wealth and security. Human actions can badly impact the ability of the ecosystem to execute its natural maps with inauspicious effects for exposure, human life and security.The indispensable function of resiliency for comfortable societal development has been revisited in the last decennary ( Gunderson and Holling, 2002 ) . Several instance surveies have helped cast more visible radiation on the contact between resiliency, sustainability of societal ecological systems and diverseness ( Berkes and Folke, 1998 ) . Resilience fundamentally refers to the magnitude of daze that concerned system can defy and stay within a given province. It can besides be the grade to which the system concerned can form itself or construct capacity for larning and version. It has been argued that two constituents of any given system impact its resiliency, one being its adaptive capacity whi ch is straight related to its heterogeneousness and loosely tantamount t the diverseness of its establishments and assets available in societal systems ( Folke et wholly, 2002 ) .The 2nd is its hardiness and this refers to the belongingss of a given system that allow it accommodate perturbation without extra version ( Webb and Levin, 2005 ) . Resilience and hardiness refer t the capacity of the system to suit perturbation without losing functionality.Catastrophe direction manner or process can destruct or construct resiliency depending on how the community concerned organises itself in response to direction actions.Building social resiliency requires understanding of ecosystems that incorporates cognition of local users ( Olsson and Folke, 2001 ) . The incorrect perceptual experience that adult male is decoupled from and in control of nature is the underlying cause of social exposure ( Kasperson, 2001 ) . Structured Scenarios and active adaptative direction have been identified as i mportant to constructing resiliency. Scenarios are used to visualize alternate hereafter scenarios. By so making, resiliency edifice policies can be identified and used within the context of sustainable development.The likeliness of sustainable development is enhanced by pull offing for resiliency in a dynamic universe full of surprises.OPERATIONALIZING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSustainable development is a form of resource usage aimed at run intoing human demands while continuing the environment so that these demands can be met non merely in the present but besides for future coevalss ( Bruntland Commission, 1987 ) . It brings together the concern for transporting capacity of natural systems and societal challenges faced by humanity.hypertext transfer protocol //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/300px-Sustainable_development.svg.pngFig 3. Scheme of sustainable development demoing three constitutional parts.Beginning ( Adams, 2006 )It is now lapse that sustainable development that considers the impact of adult male s activities on the natural environment and efforts to cut down harm to the natural environment is the tell apart to poverty decrease, environmental security and direction and extenuation of conditions and H2O related jeopardies. The programmes and development enterprises of the MSSRF have come up with theoretical accounts that are replicable for sustainable development ( Swaminathan, 2005 ) .It fundamentally targets resource hapless and landless communities particularly in the coastal parts because of population denseness, quickly worsening natural resources, work and income security and a high degree of exposure to these jeopardies. A typical illustration of a biological heritage in India is the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve in Tamil Nahdu. It is a typical illustration of a biological heritage earnestly affected by the reciprocally reenforcing relationship between poorness, debasement and natural resou rces.With this in head and the house belief that environmental debasement can be tackled by cognition and technological authorization of the resource hapless, illiterate rural adult male and adult females, the MSSRF came up with a programme for furthering sustainable supports in the Gulf of Mannar part with aid from the United Nations development programme. The major purpose of these programmes is to intermix technological frontier with local cognition in order to supply an incorporate orientation to technological development and airing.This aids the attendant ecotechnologies to be adopted by rural households because of their ecological and economic advantages. When acquisition is done through work experience the hapless become able to get the hang engineerings in a short period.Womans organize themselves into self help groups ( SHGs ) and these groups undergo preparation and capacity edifice based n the resources available in that peculiar part, while small towns are grouped into biovillages with attending been paid to natural resource preservation and sweetening. As a follow up to this biocenters are established to supervise and supply support to biovillages with a position to constructing the capacity of rural households to pull off the assorted ventures. The MSSRF has come up with a kit for the description of this engineering and how to develop them.Fig 4. Location of biovillages in India in greenBeginning ( Kesavan and Swaminathan, 2006 )In 1997, the MSSRF set up village information Centres and they are now called VKCs. These Centres generated clip, local particular and demand driven information refering to endure, harvest, poorness, authorities relief programmes, instruction, inside informations of eco-enterprises etc.It is documented that on the forenoon of December 26, 2004, proclamations from the VKC talkers saved many lives. Damage to belongings could non be stopped but many cherished human lives were saved.DecisionWe are faced with an increasing fr equence in the happening of natural jeopardies and this can be attributed to a more complex universe where population detonation stares us in the face. The exposure of communities is besides increasing due to human activities. However, clime alteration and sea degree rise may be responsible for increased happening of some of these jeopardies. Globalization besides spreads the effects of natural jeopardies travel beyond the boundary lines of the state straight affected.The international community responds to natural catastrophes when they occur in hapless or developing states but when they occur in the developed universe like USA, so there can be inauspicious effects for the universe at big. It would look that with all our technological and scientific discipline based progresss in our pursuit to understand natural jeopardies, applications and technological responses have clearly been deficient. Like ( Shah, 2006 ) justly noted there is need to go the last stat mi .Response to cata strophe go on largely after the event and adequate demands to be done to back up research and pull up programmes for hazard appraisal, recommend countermeasures, physique and strengthen resiliency in communities at hazard. Scientists and catastrophe directors likewise need t work knotty to do certain robust scientific discipline takes a cardinal function in policy development.

Marketing Principles Assignment Essay

IntroductionFor this coursework assignment I ordain demonstrate that I required a good knowledge and reason of the patterns and exploit of selling by carrying out the task f solely outn. This lead be showed with examples of theory applicable to a company of my choosing.For this task examples will be related to to orchard apple tree Inc. presidential terminal.Incorporated in January 1977 as orchard apple tree Computer, Inc. todays orchard apple tree Inc. designs, produces and securities industrys media and mobile communication devices, personal electronic computers, portable media players and sells a variety of related softw atomic number 18. orchard apple trees harvest-tides and go include the iPad tablet computer, iPh i handset, Mac computer and iPod music mp3 player, the iOS and OS X operating systems.The company also sells and delivers music, movies, books and applications using the iTunes Store and Mac App Store. The company home base are located in Cupertino, Cali fornia, USA. Worldwide there are 390 Apple retail stores with reported revenue in 2012 of $36.0 billion. trade wise the company is been voted numerous times as the winner of CMO Survey Award for merchandise Excellence. Apples three requests trade philosophy namely Empathy, Focus and Impute own made it possible for the company to become one of the worlds most valuable brands. labor 1Task 1a.According to the American Marketing Association (October 2007) lucreeting is defined as the activity, set of institutions, and routinees for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that pass on value for guests, clients, partners, and society at large.The CMA Canadian Marketing Association defines marketing as a set of pipeline practices designed to computer programme for and present an organizations merchandises or improvements in ways that build effective customer relationships.The hired Institute of Marketing defines marketing as the anxiety process respon sible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitablyBroadly defined, marketing is a hearty and managerial process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return (Hasell, 2012)These definitions show the importance of management in marketing and how beta is for a business to know the consumers needs and wants. These definitions also show the importance of communicating a message to create the sentiency that would create monetary value in return.The management process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying the consumers needs and wants its called a marketing process. This process is made of four stairs 1. Analyze the company situation2. Develop a marketing dodging3. Make decisions in wrong of marketing mix4. And how to implement and control the marketing strategy.Examples of Apple Inc. marketing process-Apple is using SWOT and PEST models to analyze the com pany situation. -Apple is tar necessitateing more than the middle upper income professionals. -Apple builds up anticipation before entry a product.-Apple included a customer service phone number in the iPhone phone book for customer direct contact with Apple in case of technical problems.Task 1b.There are a few marketing concepts that an organizations can adapt. Each one of these concepts has advantages and injurys. These marketing concepts are Product related is when a company could direction on perfecting a productand its quality. The disadvantage for being product orientated is that a company can lose office of what consumer may want and need when focusing on creating one perfect product. Production related a company could focus on the mass payoff of a product.The advantage for being action-orientated is that a production line in place could bring more profit because of the low cost on producing the aforesaid(prenominal) product. Although low costs are possible because cu stomers have different needs, changing the line for a different product its costly. Sales related a company could try to focus on selling what it produces. The disadvantage is that the company does not know what the customers needs are.Market related a company could focus on customer needs before developing a product. The disadvantage is that information could be obtained from customers who do not know what they need. With so much wager on what the customer needs, the product development can be overlooked. Societal related a company could focus on the natural and social environment and the customer needs The disadvantage of being societal orientated is that it is rarely possible to satisfy all customers needs and stakeholders.The outgrowth three marketing concepts, product, production and gross gross revenue, are focusing on the product. The last twain concepts, market and sales, focus on the consumer. Although they all are focus differentiated, all five concepts have one si ngle goal in common and that is to make profit.Market orientation is about collecting and dissemination of information from customers. Apple Inc. has adopted the market concept together with product orientation. Having adopted both orientation with emphasis on quality and future customers needs it allowed the organization to anticipate the need for a revolutionary product, set high prices and make more profit. But being marketing orientated it is costly. A company has to invest in the development of the product, market research, in surveys, databases, analysts and product changes.Although it is costly to be marketing orientated there are benefits for adopting this concept. For example The Apples iPhone is at his fifth generation. Introduced in 2007, it was a product of innovation and market research. The development of the product took three years and with the collaboration between Apple and Cingular Wireless isestimated to have cost $150 millions.According to Forbes magazine pu blisher (08/2012) something that didnt exist five years ago, has higher sales than everything Microsoft has to offer. More than Windows, Office, Xbox, Bing, Windows Phone, and every other product that Microsoft has created since 1975. In the quarter ended March 31, 2012, iPhone had sales of $22.7 billion Microsoft Corporation, $17.4 billion.Task 2Task 2a.A business organization marketing decisions are influenced by macro and the micro environmental factors. Businesses can cover song the inside factors with a SWOT model analysis and the external factors can be assessed by doing a PEST model analysis. The advantage of doing these analyses is the identification of opportunities and sharp where the organization is at that moment.Apple Inc. 2013 SWOT analysis Strengths brand reputation and own retail stores. Combined with a strong financial performance and advanced(a) capabilities Apple can be first on the market satisfying new customers needs. Weaknesses. Apple products have higher prices. Conscious mess my find them to expensive and competitors can take advantage of this factor. Recent changes in management could lead to misunderstandings between Apple In. departments and could slow down the process of reservation marketing mix decisions for the 4 Ps (product, price, place and promotion). Opportunities.High demand for the iPhone 5 and the iPad products and the growth of tablet and smartphone markets. Competition mistakes uniform the Microsoft introduction of Vista software. Apple took full advantages of how bad was the Vista program having PC users downgrading back to XP and migrating to Apple. This can best be seen in the I am a Mac I am a PC ads (2006-2008). Threats. New competitors alike(p) the Huawei in the UK phone market. Strong dollar will affect exports.Apple Inc. macro environment is examine using the PEST model (political, economical, social and technological). These are factors that the organization has little or no control over them and ca n either support orhinder Apples marketing decisions. For example, in the case of the political factors a tax increase usually means a price increase.This will reduce the purchasing power of the consumer and subsequently reduce profits. Recession is an economical factor. The consumer buying confidence is usually low and high priced Apple products are seen more as a commodity than a necessity.Task 2b.Satisfying customers by treating them alike is rarely possible because they have different needs. Segmentation is about understanding and satisfying these needs by separating consumers in conventions with the same needs. One of the advantages of segmentation is that the organization can position the product better within a chosen segment. Poorly done segmentation can group customers in the wrong segment.The bases for segmentation are demographic, geographic, psychographic, behavioristic and geo-demographic. Some of the characteristics for demographic segmentation are sex, age, income, and education. geographic segmentation is base on the location of potential customers. Psychographic is based on customers personality and lifestyles. Behavioral segmentation is based on the consumers actions. Geo-demographic is a combination of the geographical and demographical segments.There are three types of targeting methods and these areUndifferentiated for all publicsConcentrated focus on a specific groupDifferentiated for different group typesTo recommend segmentation criteria and targeting methods for two different products I chose Apples iPod and the iPhone. For both products Apple Inc. should pursue the demographic and psychographic segmentation criteria. This will allow the organization to separate and target consumers based on the amount of money they have to spend and on what they would like to spend. For the iPod (mp3 music player) Apple should pursue the concentrated method.This will allow them to focus on those customers who like to listen to musicon the go, organize songs and ultimately buy music for the iPod with the help of additional music computer program like the iTunes. For the iPhone, Apple should pursue the undifferentiated method. With so many another(prenominal) different features the iPhone can be used by anyone for personal and business use.Task 2c. vendee behavior affects how organizations market their products. Cultural, Social, Personal and Psychological are the four major factors influencing buyers behavior. To appeal consumers preferences, marketing mix strategies are developed by the organizations for the target market. spatial relation is a strategy with what an organization can influence the buyer behavior. The strategy could include product use, product user, price, quality, product features, product class, competitors, benefits and cultural symbol.Apple Inc. products are perceived as high priced products with some buyers perception of them as over priced products. To counteract this perception Apple should rep osition the iPod and the iPhone products using a strategy punctuate products use, quality, performance and features.Task 3Task 3a.To have sustainable competitive advantages Apple Inc. products development start with generating ideas. For example, the development of the iPhone product started with the idea of interacting with a computer without a keyboard. Usually a company can have many ideas for a product and screening them is necessary. Apple Inc. screens them by dint of evaluations on the bases like the market needs, costs and resources. Apple market research concluded that the iPhone will have no competition for its features and the benefit will out way the cost of development.The contiguous step of the product development was the physical transformation of the concept. Testing of the Apple products is done within the company using the employees. Normally companies test their new products with consumers plainly Apple prefers this type of testing because of the need of keepin g the product features a secret from the competitors. After the evaluation of new ideas from the employees theiPhone was produced for the market.Task 3b.To make products available to the consumers Apple Inc. has three choices of distributions 1) Selling directly to consumers. This channel of distribution is advantageous and a preference for Apple In. for the opportunities arising from interacting directly with the customer. Apple has their own retail stores with knowledgeable sales people who can make it very convenient for a customer to buy Apple products. Another way is selling directly through their website. both options can be advantageously used for market research for better anticipation of new customer needs. 2) The second channel of distribution is selling the products through retailers.The advantage this channel provides is the promotion getting through retail advertisements. Many retail stores will place Apple products separately from the competitors in plain suck in for a customer to see it first and also use Apple products more for store advertisements. 3) This channel is selling through the wholesalers and retailers and is the least advantageous. For the last two channels (2 and 3) the disadvantage for Apple is that in both cases if the chain is disrupted, Apple products will not reach the customers.Task 3c.One of the most important elements of the marketing mix is determine. Pricing generates turnover for the organizations. The other 3Ps elements in the marketing mix are costs for the organizations. A number of price strategies can be adopted by an organization. For this task I have chosen to discuss three of them for their advantages and disadvantages. 1. Cost based price strategy is when a company sets prices based on the cost of the other 3Ps. The advantage of choosing this strategy is that because its the most realistic and the mark up its easier to set before the final pricing decision..The disadvantage is that in a volatile industry where costs are always changing no set price can be set and the mark up is the final pricing decision. 2. Competition based price strategy is where a company can set a lower, the same or a higher price in comparison with competitors. The advantage is that a competitive lower price can be set to attract potentialcustomers.This strategy disadvantage is that it is un cognize the production cost of the competitors and the company may operate at a loss. 3. Customer based pricing strategy is used when a company determines the price based on what is believed consumers are prepared to pay. The advantage of this strategy is that the price satisfies the customer price preference. The disadvantages with this strategy are that customers might give false impressions and the cost of production is knot known by them hence the company might run at a loss.Customer based pricing strategies are Penetration Pricing launching a low price product to increase market share Price Skimming charging a higher pri ce to maximize profits Loss leaders a price set low to attract and encourage customers purchasing other products Predatory Pricing setting a low price deliberately to restrict or prevent competition (in UK this type of price setting is illegal) Psychological Pricing making the product believed to be cheaper than it really is. (Instead of 1.00 it set at 0.99)Apple Inc. uses the price shaving strategy. This strategy works for them because the company segments and target customers more effectively. The advantages with price skimming are that it creates the impression of prestige around Apple products and also in case of setting the price to high it could be lower easily. It also offers an shrewdness on what the customers are willing to pay. Although this strategy has its advantages, in the computing and smartphone industry Apple has many competitors now and price skimming might be idle with the next product introduction.Consumers have many choices now and price preference is lowe r. Because of changes in consumers price preferences Apple Inc. should pursue the use of penetration pricing strategy in to attract new customers and increase the market share. Although the market share will increase the risk is that it is possible to still make lower profits.Task 3d.Promotion is one of the 4Ps and comprises of sales promotions, advertising, direct marketing, personal selling and public relations. These five elements make the promotion mix and are also known as the marketing communication elements. The usage of all five elements at one time is known as IntegratedMarketing Communication (IMC).To earn and maintain long-term customer relationships Apple uses components from the IMC and the AIDA (attention, interest, desire, action) concepts. Advertisements and promotions are used to capture the consumer attention, his interest and desire to own an Apple product. Public relation is used to ingest directly with customers about product issues. Apple uses direct marketin g by emailing marketing messages on Valentines Day or Christmas to registered customers.Personal selling is used in Apple retail stores. Personnel can also inform customers about the products they inquiring about. One of the Apple sales promotions is Buy a Mac and get a surrender iPod Touch.Apple Inc. interest is to maximize the company impact on the consumer for maximum profits and the IMC concept is a very important tool in the company marketing strategy.Task 4Task 4a.Known as the Four Ps, the tralatitious marketing mix prefatorial elements are Product, Price, Place and Promotion. The mix of these four elements done right will result in meeting its marketing objectives for a company and satisfy its customers. Factors like marketing is far more customers orientated now and in developed countries the service sector dominates the economic activity have contributed to the addition of new Ps to the traditional marketing mix. The additional three Ps are Physical Evidence, Process an d People and together with the four basic elements make the 7Ps of the Extended Marketing Mix.To understand the relevance of the extended marketing mix to service marketing first one must understand the characteristics of service. There are five characteristics of service marketing and these are 1. Intangibility run cannot be seen, taste and feel before they are bought. 2. Inseparability a service is produced and consumed at the same time. 3. Perishability a product can be stored for future use whereas a service cannot. 4. Variability service standardwill vary because of people. 5. Ownership in comparison with a product a service can only be used and not owned.In service marketing the service is the Product and is intangible. Marketing Price, like product is also invisible. Place is where the service is consumed and unlike a product where it is found in retail stores, a service is found in modification places such as the hotels, restaurants, airplanes. Service Promotions can be an extension of the original service. For example a hotel may offer an extra night stay, discount prices for other service found within the hotel or outside but the original price offer is still the same. What is seen during the consumption of service is referred to as the Physical Evidence.Consumers take over a good standard and presentation of the environment where the service is consumed and businesses will focus on the quality layout presentation. How the service is carried out or delivered is the Process. In many cases process is associated with customer service. In the transport industry often carriers do lack on the quality of it because of delays that may or may not have to do with the employees. The employees are the People and final element in the extended marketing mix and are the ones delivering the service.The extended marketing mix its relevant to all businesses that give priority in meeting the needs of customers and its more particular relevant to the service ind ustry.Task 4b.The seven marketing mix variables are highlighted above. The traditional 4Ps are for product marketing and all 7Ps are for service marketing. Two segments of interest for this task are the hotels in hospitality industry for their lodging services and the airlines in the industry of transport for their transport services.In the hotel industry, in terms of process and physical evidence, a regular room is provided for customer accommodation and the customer may have to pay extra for other services like a massage or a drink at the hotel bar. In terms of process apart from regular room cleaning sheets and towels and concierge services a customer will not get much else for his money. In comparison the business customer willexperience something totally different.A Business may reserve the entire hotel or the best room with the best view, 24-hour room service, free access to the spa and other things considered luxurious. Although the product sold is the same for both C and B, because of additional services and a differentiated process, it differs and the price is usually the first one to tell which one is which. In the airline industry, businesses provide transportation in the economy class and the business class. In the economy class in terms of physical layout, after the journey some customers wished they left their legs at home and kids never existed.Whereas in the business class, a customer can green his car, watch his favorite movie while drinking champagne. Again the product has not changed because customers in the economy and business class are moved from point A to point B with the same airplane in the same amount of time. The understanding is that businesses can afford to pay more when it comes to buying services and airlines will charge more for extra.Task 4c.Globalization and Unions between different countries around the world have made it possible for national businesses to enter world(prenominal) markets. When entering the international mar kets businesses could find many opportunities but the challenges are different and on a higher scale than the ones faced in a internal market. Domestic marketing is the production, promotion, distribution and sale of goods and services nationally while international marketing is the same but for customers needs in a international market. In the last quarter of 2012, domestically, Apple Inc. revenue accounted for 40 per cent with 60 per cent revenue from the international markets (Niu, 2013). 40 per cent revenue for Apple means that it dominates in the domestic market.This is possible for Apple because the company has to acquire with only one set of customers on which it can concentrate more effectively. other(a) factors contributing to this positive revenue are that Apple uses of the same policies and strategies and requires lesser financial resources. The other sixty per cent revenue for Apple, thinking in term of global it is small revenue for the company. This has to do with the fact that international marketing is more complex and more risky.It requires more financial resources than domestic marketing. Internationally, AppleInc. has to deal with different markets, different languages and different types of consumers with different tastes. In countries with laws and regulations of their own, for Apple it is more challenging and requires more commitment from the company in applying the marketing principles.ConclusionIn this coursework assignment I tried to my best abilities to demonstrate that I acquired a good knowledge and understanding of marketing principles by applying the theory to Apple Inc. by carrying out the tasks given for the assignment.Overall my understanding now is that marketing is with us every day, next to us and even in us people. Consciously or subconsciously we are marketing ourselves as individuals every day to others. Marketing has an impact on everything and it cannot be avoided. For businesses, marketing is a strategic war plan f or getting peoples attention to maximize profits.In this war business tend to aim at peoples emotions. Marketing is a discipline and is defined by social participation. But the most important thing learned I believe is that consumers needs and wants are always changing and marketing needs to change accordingly.ReferencesAmerican Marketing Association. (2007). Definition of Marketing. Available http//www.marketingpower.com/AboutAMA/Pages/DefinitionofMarketing.aspx. Last accessed 16th May 2013. Apple. (2013). Apple Info. Available http//www.apple.com/about/. Last accessed 12th Jul 2013. Apple Press. (2012). Apple Reports Fourth run Results. Available http//www.apple.com/pr/library/2012/10/25Apple-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html. Last accessed 12th Jul 2013 Campbell, M. (2012). Apple to open up to 35 new retail stores in 2013. Available http//appleinsider.com/articles/12/10/31/up-to-35-new-apple-stores-set-to-open-in-2013. Last accessed 11 Jul 2013. Canadian Marketing Association. (n/a). Definition of Marketing. Available

Invisible Saviour Siblings Essay

The philosopher Immanuel Kant said Treat others as an end and not as means to an end. People need to value others for themselves rather than for what they can achieve by the means of them. The idea of selecting an embryo, conceived by IVF, which will become a infant that can donate for an older sibling hapless from a genetic disease, has created a difficult moral dilemma. Concerns over the creation of what are called savoir siblings are specifically created to help an existing child. In the novel My babes Keeper by Jodi Picoult on that point is a girl named Anna who was brought in to this world for the purpose to save her sister Kate.Anna suggests that while her method of coming into the world is not conventional, since most babies born are unprecious she at least was a wanted child. But she is wanted as a product, as a medical treatment, as a donor. Anna came to a decision that she wanted to reside donating to her sister, so she cacographys a lawsuit for medical emancipatio n the right to control her ca commit body. The child is utilisationd as something instrumental and has a welcome that is far from being unconditional. Even the label savoir is a misnomer. When we speak of a savoir we refer to person who has made an active choice to donate.The child never has a choice. When a donation occurs it will have vitalitylong effects on the body. The possible mental problem the child will have from being a saviour sibling. The parents do not think round the saviour child in the call of an individual. The parents need to realize that there is a line that separates the value of preserving invigoration and the costs of the quality of life. When a child is born it is up to the parents to make the decisions for them, put away what if the parents are not focus on that child?It is their zeal to make things better for their sick child, exactly the parents have forgotten that their donor child is a person with feelings, not a something just to pick at when needed. In the case of babies who are selected as a source of cells, the savior is passive and is tough as a product. The choices being made about donation is not eve being discussed about. Anna is not even being asked about what she wants to do, You make it in force(p) like theres some process involved. Like theres actually a choice. (192) the parents are deciding what is for the better.They do not even consult with Anna about how she feels about everything. Anna had to quit hockey because she was missing two many games, but the entirely reason why she was missing games was that she had to be there when Kate competency need something. Her choice to fiddle hockey was taken away from her and no one in her family even cared. They did not even notice when she started to play hockey, so why would they notice when she stopped. There is a big chance that the family would not even listen to Anna if she would have said that she does not want to persist in being the donor.The doct ors do not ever consult with Anna about what she wanted to do they only talked to the parents. They never let Anna make her choice. She was brought in this world as a savior sibling, but it did not mean to make her sacrifice her whole life. The use of savior siblings have raised the issue of the possibility of psychological trauma that the created sibling may suffer from knowing that they was created partly for reasons of imposed selflessness. The child could feel as if they had been used. The donor sibling would feel that they were around to exit spare parts, and were not valued for who they are.Remember the adolescent cry I did not ask to be born and add to it the accusation that the parents only had them to save their siblings life. The moment the child is brought in to this world they have a job to perform. How the parents treat Anna makes her feel like her only purpose in life is to help heal Kate. With these feelings it makes her think about what if Kate was not sick, It mad e me wonder, though, what would have happened if Kate had been healthy. Chances are, Id still be floating up in enlightenment or wherever, waiting to be attached to a body to spend some time on Earth (08).If Kate was healthy would the parents ever thought about having a third child. The parents once said that their family was complete with two children each child favored a parent. Anna has matured faster than any child her age, because from the start of her life she was not fully allowed to be a child. She learnt early on that Kate was the main focus and everything else became second. Growing up is great(p) enough, but when there is headland on ones existence it can have serious emotional effects. The child becomes lost in their quest for their own identity.Furthermore, if the treatment of the sick child is unsuccessful, their demolition can be much harder for the savior sibling, as they may feel as if they have runed. The child would have to go through the rest of their life fe eling guiltily about not saving their sibling life. Donating an organ is not as simple as it sounds. The donor of the organ has to deal with limitations on their life. In the novel Anna is being pressured by her mother to donate her kidney to her sister Kate. Her mother does not think about the after effects of the surgery.Anna loves to play hockey, but donating her kidney will stop here from playing. Kidney organ donors should not participate in physical activity that could damage their other kidney. Annas mother Sara only look up is Kate, so when Anna wanted to go to Hockey camp her mother said no. Her mother is not caring for what Anna wants Not because I am aghast(predicate) of what might to Anna there, but because I am afraid of what might happen to Kate while her sister is gone. If Kate survives this latest relapse.. we will need Anna-her blood, her stand cells, her tissue-right here. (269), she wanted Anna to be where she needed her.If Anna did go through with the surgery something could go wrong, but does her parents ever does comprehend it. If there were no complications with any of these procedures, the savior sibling would still stay in the hospital with stress and pain which they are not gaining any type of personal benefit. The mother will be so disturbed about Kate after the surgery she will be by her side and not by Annas. The parents should not make an organ donation decision. It has to be Annas choice.Going through with a kidney donation, she would lose some quality of her life. While there is potential harm, it is not without potential benefits to the saviour sibling. The donor child might derive pleasure from knowing that he or she has saved his or her siblings life and would benefit from the saved childs company. In this respect, it is appropriate to consider the welfare of the donor child within the context of the family since his or her social, emotional and psychological interests depend on the welfare of the childs family.Saving the life of the existing sibling is also in his or her best interests. This will ensure a happier family (e. g. no grieving parents) from which the donor child would benefit. There are benefits to the child, but if the child is born and the transplant is made but is unsuccessful, what comes of the family at that point? The donor child would feel that they have fail in their job in helping to keep their sibling alive. If the transplant was successful, there is no time frame for a savior sibling to stop providing transplants for their older sibling.The donor sibling could chose not to donate later in life or chose to no longer accept the role of saviour for which they were originally conceived. The parents might not like that they brought this child in to this world for a certain purpose, but now the child does not want to donate anymore. The savior child would have no support from their family. They would feel that they had only one purpose to save their sibling. Parents have more choi ces than ever before and they need to use every resource available to protect the health of their children, but there is a line that should not be crossed.There are potential insidious psychological effects on a child born not for itself, but to save another. If conception of saviour siblings for the donation of cord blood stem cells is permitted, what is to stop donation ending there. There may be an inevitable situation where the donor child will be expected to donate ram marrow in the event that the umbilical cord stem cell transplant fails or the sick sibling relapses and requires further treatment.If the child is under age, then(prenominal) the parents decide the choice for them and of course they would have the savior child donate whatever the sick child needs. Parents are blinded from seeing what is in the best interest for both of their children. The only thing that is on their mind is to save their sick child. If there is no benefit at all to the created saviour child, i t appears hard to justify that it is humane and proper to use them to save the life of a sibling.Every parent has to seriously decide the point at which they will adjudge their efforts to save their sick child regardless of the potential outcome. There comes a point when people have to realize there is nothing they can do. The parents nurture so consumed in the entire process and the emotions involved in saving your sick child that they may lose the ability to know when to stop. Despite how gut-wrenching it may be, they have to stop, not only for the sake of their other children, but for the sake of their sick child.They should have to realize that there comes a point when vigilance becomes fixation and good intentions get warped and bastardized to the point that they do more harm than good. People should to write to President to have him put regulations on the use of Genetic technology for creation of savoir siblings. A savior sibling cannot lose their quality of life just becau se they were conceived with the weight of the family on their shoulders. The child should not go through life suffering, for the reason that she was conceived to help heal their sick sibling.

Human Factors in Maintenance Essay

Nation air DC-8 flying 2120 took the lives of 247 passengers and 14 mob members 261 in all during take sour on July 11, 1991. The jet was owned by Canadian airline Nolisair, and was being operated by a Nigerian company to transport Nigerian pilgrims in and place of Mecca. The DC- 8 caught fire during take-off from Abdulaziz worldwide Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pilots noticed problems during premature stages of take-off and only made it 671 meters in elevation before attempting to turn around for a emergency landing. It was too late the chthonian inflated wear outs had overheated began to catch fire.The fire grew and blew out the hydraulics which made the emergency landing impossible. This was the worst wreck a DC-8 had ever experienced and has held the translate for many years following. The NTSB concluded that the fire could be in possession of been handled by leaving the landing pitch extended and away from the plane. Although the pilots failed to make the right fi nis, and added just whizz more piece error to the equation, it was the obvious neglect by the maintenance team up that caused this horrific accident.There are many human factors which played a brisk role in the crash. The maintenance team failed to inflate the 2 and 4 main gear tires after recognizing the pressure during the pre-flight. An attempt to inflate the tires failed because there was no nitrogen available at the location. Further investigation shows later that the maintenance team recognized and had written up the tires during a previous A inspection but was signed off and overlooked more than twice before the incident.Human Factors InvolvementThere are many human factors that caused the Flight 2120 crash, and most of them are maintenance related. There was a Liveware-Liveware problem with the lack of communication between the lead mechanic and Director of Production. The Director of Production neer questioned the lead mechanic and was said to have little contact wit h the him prior to this happening. Liveware-Hardware issues developed because of lack of qualified military unit amongst the maintenance team. The maintenance team did not have a qualified person to sign off the jet, leaving the task to the flight engineer who was not in tune with the maintenance team.The tariff should have landed in the lead mechanics hands to sign off the maintenance write ups and the Director of Production should have been more intricate by communicating with the lead mechanic and being more involved. There was a break down in maintenance even in the early stages of this TDY. The tires had been already recognized and written up during prior inspections, but pressure from the Project Manager to make the mission influenced the maintenance team to overlook pocketable maintenance issues at that time. Although seemingly minor at the time, the issues would later be the ultimate downfall and failure of the mission. omit of communication and pressure caused the maint enance team to not see the importance of inflating the tires to the standard before going on a unyielding mission. The minor task of inflating the tires to the standards before going on the long sortie would have negated the tires overheating and causing the plane to catch on fire and crash. The maintenance team was not the only factor which added to the human factors. The air crew is also responsible for some bad decision making skills also. During take-off one crew member was recorded stating that he thought he hear a main landing gear tire blow.The pilot failed to act upon and acknowledge this and carried on with the task. Pilots failed to recognize warning lights designed to inform the pilot of landing gear issues. While taking off the crew failed to use proper radio procedures regulations that kept them in contact with the tower. The night before the crash the pilots were out shopping and eating and not returning home until hours before take-off.The lack of crew rest could hav e played a role in decision making abilities amongst the crew. The crew showed up to the aircraft late which pushed maintenance to hurry and complete the pre-flight, giving them no time to perform a good complete inspection. Lack of leadership in the cockpit added to the advancement in takeoff. If the copilot trusted his own judgment and realized there was a problem in the main gear he could have stopped the aircraft from taking off.Safety NetsThe crash of flight 2120 could have easily been avoided by simply following standard procedures inflexible by international and local organizations. The maintenance holds the bulk of the responsibility in terms of human factors. The communication between the lead mechanic and AME could have been solved by following the chain of command. The director of production had very poor communication with the lead mechanic. This caused for a lack in communication from the there up the chain. The communication was broken at this accustomed point in the chain of command and gave little information which is vital in aviation.The AME had direct responsibility to sign off the final for flight and it was handed over to the flight engineer whom had little knowledge of the maintenance operations. The maintenance team failed to complete given checklists and follow standards set by the FFA and international organizations. With the lack of communication, personnel, and leadership, along with added pressure, the aircraft was not mission ready and should have been better managed from top to bottom.The maintenance crew has very stringent tire pressure requirements and the responsibility lies in even the lowest level of operations to complete the task. The warning lights indicated to the cockpit flight crew that problems have arouse and they chose to ignore them. By receiving proper crew rest the night before, they might have had better decision making skills and could have made the right decision at the given moment. They also became complace nt and did not use the communication procedures with the tower.ConclusionHuman factors is the cause of most aircraft accidents and this one is a major example of how many human factors can play such a vital role. Flight 2120 shows the importance and how human factors can directly affect everything involved. The importance of being alert and conscious(predicate) of your environment can come down to one decision which can be the determining factor in any situation. The maintenance and air crew failed to follow written guidelines and standards of operation to protect the lives of those on board. The mission was doomed from the start by the maintenance communication breakdown.The lack of qualified personnel should have been one of the first red flags. The decision to not fix the problem and over look it several times put them in an environment where the tools infallible for the job was not present. The lack of leadership from the bottom level of the maintenance crew to the pilot was a major issue. The lowest level maintenance personnel could have stepped up and brought about the problem. The flight of Nigerian Airway 2120 was that caused by human error. The horrific event shows the importance of following set standards and regulations. The crash exposes the vital role in the chain of command and how human error and lack of communication can break down at any level.ReferencesAviationsafetynetwork.comAmerican-bankruptcy.us.gov

Literary Genre Essay

literary genres ar determined by literary technique, tone, content and by critics definitions of the genres. A literary genre is a category, type or class of literature. Major seduces of literature The major forms of Literature ar * Novel * Poem * Drama * Short baloney * Novella Various forms of literature are written in and further categorized by genre. Sometimes forms are utilise interchangeably to define genre. However, a form, e. g. , a novel or a verse form, keister itself be written in any genre.Genre is a label that characterizes fractions a contributor cease expect in a work of literature. The major forms of literature can be written in various genres. Classic major genres Genre is a category characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. The classic major genres of Literature are * Drama * Romance * Satire * Tragedy * Comedy * tragicomedy Genre categories fabrication and non lying Genre whitethorn fall under one of two categories Fiction and No n legend.Any genre can be both a work of Fiction (non incidentual descriptions and events invented by the author) or a work of Non legend (a communication in which descriptions and events are understood to be factual). Common genres fiction Subsets of genres, known as common genres, have conveyed from the archetypes of genres in written position. The common genres included in recommended Literature from kindergarten through and through Grade Twelve by the CaliforniaDepartment of Education are defined as1 * Drama stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action * Fable narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans legendary, supernatural bosh * Fairy tale storey about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children * Fantasy fiction with strange or other worldly settings or charactersfiction which invites suspension of reality * Fiction narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily establish on fact * Fiction in verse full-length novels with plot, subplot(s), infrastructure(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is presented in (usually blank) verse form * Folklore the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or family unit as handed down by news of mouth * Historical fiction story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting * wickedness fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the reader* Humor Usually a fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain and sometimes cause intended laughter but can be contained in all genres * Legend story, sometimes of a theme or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material * Mystery fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets* Mythology legend or traditiona l narrative, practically based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism often pertaining to the actions of the gods * Poetry verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that pretends emotional responses * Realistic fiction story that is true to life* Science fiction story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets * Short story fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots * Tall tale humorous story with blatant parodys, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance Common genres nonfiction* Biography/Autobiography Narrative of a persons life. A true story about a real person. * Essay A ill-judged literary composition that reflects the authors outlook or point. * Narrative nonfiction Factual information presented in a format which tells a story.* row Public address or discourse. * Textbook Authoritative and detailed factual description o f a topic. literary fiction vs. genre fiction Literary fiction is a term used to distinguish certain fictional works that possess commonly held qualities that constitute literary merit. Genre works are written with the intent of harmonizeting into a specific literary genre in order to appeal to readers and fans already familiar with that genre.Literary fiction may fit within a classification of market fiction, but also possesses generally agreed upon qualities such as elegantly written, lyrical, and layered that appeals to readers outside genre fiction. Literary fiction has been defined as any fiction that attempts to engage with one or more truths or questions, hence relevant to a broad scope of humanity as a form of expression.There are many an(prenominal) sources that process readers find and define literary fiction and genre fiction. Literary element A literary element is an element found in the whole works of literature. Literary elements are not used by all authors instea d, they pull through inherently in forms of literature and are derived by the readers of a work in question.1 This distinguishes them from literary techniques, which are less universal and are used measuredly rather than being emergent characteristics of a literary work. For example, characterization, conflict, setting, and point of berth would be considered literary elements, whereas irony or foreshadowing are considered literary techniques. Literary elements are most frequently used to help discussion on a work or better understand a work of literature.For instance, the current York State Comprehensive English Regents Exam requires that students utilize and discuss literary elements relating to specific works in each of the two essays,2 much like many other state-level high school exams nationwide. Literary elements* antagonist * archetype (prototype/original/classic/model) * characterization * climax * conflict * dialogue * diction * denouement (resolution) * outstanding str ucture * falling action * language * mood * moral * motif (feature/recurring design) * narrative mode (point of view) * narrative structure * Peripheral (minor/not a central important)* plot * protagonist * rising action * setting * speaker * syntax * theme * Tone * Literary Analysis Using Elements of Literature Students are asked to write literary analysis essays because this type of assignment encourages you to think about how and why a verse form, short story, novel, or play was written.To successfully analyze literature, youll request to remember that authors make specific choices for particular reasons. Your essay should point out the authors choices and attempt to explain their significance. Another way to look at a literary analysis is to consider a piece of literature from your own perspective. Rather than thinking about the authors intentions, you can develop an melodic phrase based on any single term (or combination of terms) listed below. Youll just need to use the ori ginal text to defend and explain your argument to the reader.Allegory narrative form in which the characters are representative of some larger humanistic trait (i. e.greed, vanity, or bravery) and attempt to convey some larger lesson or meaning to life. Although allegory was originally and traditionally character based, modern allegories tend to parallel story and theme. * William Faulkners A Rose for Emily- the decline of the emeritus South * Robert Louis Stevensons Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde- mans struggle to contain his inner primal instincts * District 9- South African Apartheid * X Men- the evils of injury * Harry Potter- the dangers of seeking racial purity Character representation of a person, place, or thing performing traditionally human activities or functions in a work of fiction * Protagonist The character the story revolves around.* Antagonist A character or force that opposes the protagonist. * Minor character lots provides support and illuminates the protagonist. * quiet character A character that remains the same. * Dynamic character A character that changes in some important way. * Characterization The choices an author makes to reveal a characters personality, such as appearance, actions, dialogue, and motivations. Look for Connections, links, and clues between and about characters.Ask yourself what the function and significance of each character is. Make this determination based upon the characters history, what the reader is told (and not told), and what other characters say about themselves and others.Connotation implied meaning of word. BEWARE Connotations can change over time. * confidence/ self-confidence * mouse/ rat * cautious/ scared * curious/ nosey * frugal/ cheap Denotation dictionary definition of a word Diction word choice that both conveys and emphasizes the meaning or theme of a poem through distinctions in sound, look, rhythm, syllable, letters, and definition Figurative language the use of words to express meaning beyond the literal meaning of the words themselves * Metaphor contrasting to seemingly unalike things to enhance the meaning of a situation or theme without using like or as * You are the sunshine of my life.* Simile contrasting to seemingly unalike things to enhance the meaning of a situation or theme using like or as * What happens to a dream deferred, does it dry up like a raisin in the sun * Hyperbole exaggeration * I have a million things to do today. * Personification giving non-human objects human characteristics * America has thrown her hat into the ring, and will be joining forces with the British. tail end grouping of stressed and unstressed syllables used in line or poem * Iamb unstressed syllable followed by stressed * Made famous by the Shakespearian sonnet, closest to the natural rhythm of human speech * How do I love thee? Let me count the ways * Spondee stressed stressed* use to add emphasis and break up monotonous rhythm * Blood boil, min d-meld, well- loved * Trochee stressed unstressed * Often used in childrens rhymes and to help with memorization, gives poem a hurried feeling * While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, * Anapest unstressed unstressed stressed * Often used in longer poems or rhymed stories * Twas the night before Christmas and all through the house * Dactyls stressed unstressed unstressed * Often used in classical Greek or Latin text, later revived by the Romantics, then again by the Beatles, often apprehension to create a heartbeat or pulse in a poem * Picture yourself in a boat on a river, With tangerine trees and marmalade skies.The iamb stumbles through my books trochees rush and tumble while anapest runs like a hurrying brook dactyls are stately and classical. Imagery the authors attempt to create a mental picture (or reference point) in the mind of the reader. Remember, though the most immediate forms of imagery are visual, strong and effective imagery can be used to invoke an emotional, sensational (taste, touch, smell etc) or even physical response. Meter measure or structuring of rhythm in a poem Plot the arrangement of ideas and/or incidents that make up a story * Foreshadowing When the writer clues the reader in to something that will eventually occur in the story it may be explicit (obvious) or implied (disguised).* Suspense The tension that the author uses to create a feeling of discomfort about the unknown * impinge Struggle between opposing forces. * Exposition Background information regarding the setting, characters, plot. * Rising Action The process the story follows as it builds to its main conflict * Crisis A meaningful turning point in the story that determines how it must end * Resolution/Denouement The way the story turns out.Point of View pertains to who tells the story and how it is told. The point of view of a story can sometimes indirectly establish the authors intentions. * cashier The person telling the story who may or may not be a character in the story.* First-person Narrator participates in action but sometimes has limited knowledge/vision. * Second person Narrator addresses the reader directly as though she is part of the story. (i. e. You walk into your bedroom. You see clutter everywhere and) * Third Person (Objective) Narrator is unnamed/unidentified (a gratis(p) observer). Does not assume characters perspective and is not a character in the story.The narrator reports on events and lets the reader supply the meaning. * Omniscient omniscient narrator (multiple perspectives). The narrator knows what each character is thinking and feeling, not just what they are doing throughout the story.This type of narrator usually jumps around within the text, following(a) one character for a few pages or chapters, and then switching to another character for a few pages, chapters, etc. Omniscient narrators also sometimes step out of a particular characters mind to evaluate him or her in s ome meaningful way. Rhythm often thought of as a poems timing.Rhythm is the juxtaposition of stressed and unstressed beats in a poem, and is often used to give the reader a lens through which to move through the work. (See meter and foot) Setting the place or location of the action. The setting provides the historical and cultural context for characters. It often can symbolize the emotional state of characters.Example In Poes The Fall of the House of Usher, the crumbling old mansion reflects the decaying state of both the family and the narrators mind. We also see this type of emphasis on setting in Thomas Manns Death in Venice. Speaker the person delivering the poem. Remember, a poem does not have to have a speaker, and the speaker and the poet are not necessarily one in the same. Structure (fiction) The way that the writer arranges the plot of a story.Look for Repeated elements in action, gesture, dialogue, description, as well as shifts in direction, focus, time, place, etc. Structure (poetry) The pattern of organization of a poem. For example, a Shakespearean sonnet is a 14-line poem written in iambic pentameter.Because the sonnet is strictly constrained, it is considered a closed or fixed form. An open or free form poem has looser form, or perhaps one of the authors invention, but it is important to remember that these poems are not necessarily formless. Symbolism when an object is meant to be representative of something or an idea greater than the object itself.* Cross representative of Christ or Christianity * Bald Eagle America or Patriotism * hooter wisdom or knowledge * Yellow implies cowardice or rot Tone the implied attitude towards the subject of the poem. Is it hopeful, pessimistic, dreary, worried? A poet conveys tone by cartel all of the elements listed above to create a precise impression on the reader.

Health Foods on Campus

Introduction According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to a greater extent(prenominal) than integrity-third of U. S. adults (35. 7%) argon cogent. Approximately 17% of children and adolescents ages 2-19 years are obese. The state of Iowa ranks above the national average at 28. 4%, leaving the duty of changing this epidemic to local communities. According to the Mayo Clinic Womens wellnessSource August 2010 issue, the tonic demand is so great there is enough to supply everyone with more than 52 gallons of soda a year. The rate of soda and debris sustenance consumption has greatly increased through come to the fore the unite provinces the Iowa State Campus is not an exception. adjudicate and Scope As disciples as Iowa State, we are beat fit to research how to change the lifestyles of our peers. In order to decrease the obesity epidemic, we are proposing to assist in changing someones r exposeine fasting by replacing the vending machine snack option s. The existing vending machines have footling multifariousness or lineament of reasoned sustenances. Furthermore, most beverage-centered vending machines nevertheless have water as a choice as a healthy alternative.Giving students the filling of healthy foods pass on not moreover lower their risk of obesity during their stay at Iowa State, but it will provide students with the tools to make healthy choices some(predicate) food once they are away from ISU. Methods Our analysis will be derived from three levels macro-level, meso-level, and micro-level. These different depths of scope will provide us with the most salubrious rounded view of the obesity epidemic, as well as which methods of fixing the problem presents to be most effective.Macro-level analysis will stem from a carry out description of the get together States relationship with obesity, food consumption, and activity levels. From there, research specifically relating to the ISU community will be acquired through sample surveys and an query with ISUs Peggy Martin, Director of spread out food and Nutrition Education Program. The startle step would be to poll 150 students or more regarding how they want the university to outgo obesity. If our hypothesis reigns true, we will determine that replacing vending machine snacks with healthier ones will be the most efficient method.The focus audience will be Mayor Ann Campbell, since she has the power to pass this proposal on to the city council or discard it. If she passes it on, the primary audience will be the city council members, since they are the ones who region their opinions and affect the final vote of the citizens of Ames, who are the secondary audience. Other jobed audiences include the citizens of nearby cities or people who visit Ames, as well as any other communities considering a similar proposal. Risks of Junk Food and Soda ConsumptionJunk food is described as any food that contains little or no nutritional value. Outsi de of the lack of nutritional value junk food has more negative effects as well. Studies order of battle cogitate to obesity, type II diabetes, high blood pressure and stroke. The United States is one of the unhealthiest nations in the world, consuming more fast food than any other nation per capita. The rise of childhood obesity is on the brink of being an epidemic, showing that the United States own culture has come to include junk food.Many people contract their eating habits from their families increment up, even those who eat healthy as a children now are at risk for developing unhealthy habits when they move away to college, given that for the first time they are forced to make food-related decisions on their own, with little to no education on health. Students whitethorn as well feel that they are too fussy to plan out healthy meals looking for quick and easy meals found at many convenient locations on campus. Students turn to soda for the caffeine for aptitude and fast food for sustenance.The lack of on hand(predicate) healthy options and the accessibility of junk food on and around campus is a major suffice for concern. corpulency and Diabetes Obesity is defined as a body mass index greater or equal to 30 (CDC). In 2009-2010 35. 7% of U. S. adults were classified as obese that is 78 million people. These numbers are a dramatic increase from over a few decades ago. Obesity is a life threatening direct that has many negative side effects. Hypertension, adverse lipid concentrations and type two diabetes are some of the major problematic conditions that come with being obese.The state of Iowa has one of the largest populations of obese people in the nation (Table 1. 1). Table 1. 1 As one can see, obesity is a major concern in the United States. This is due to the U. S. s unhealthy obsession with junk food and soda. Poor diet often leads to obesity in children and adults. Along with obesity, poor diet in addition can lead to type II diabetes . Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that leads to high levels of glucose in the blood stream. Diabetes can lead to all sorts of problems to name a few kidney disease, blindness, amputations and death (CDC).Over 25 million people are suffering from diabetes in the U. S. There is much to be concerned about with obesity and diabetes being so widespread. The main cause of this is unhealthy diet. A large portion of the average Americans unhealthy diet is soda pop. Even diet soda has negative health effects. Dangers of Soda Pop Soda pop is an American staple. It goes great with other American classics such as hotdogs and hamburgers. Unfortunately children are drinking it in excess and developing bad habits that will follow them for the rest of their lives.In fact studies show that 16% of the average Americans thermic intake in a day comes from sugary beverages (WebMD). Heavy soda consumption can lead to rapid weight gain and studies also show connections to osteoporosis and certain types o f cancers. But regardless of the negative effects and the doctors warnings people continue to buy and drink soda more than ever. Coca-Cola reported record numbers in the past few years. Soda is a part of peoples nonchalant routines. Many people do not think twice about grabbing a soft-drink when thirsty or in need of some energy.College students drink enormous quantities of soda, they use it as study aids because of the caffeine content or grab one because they are thirsty. In many cases it is the easiest option. vend machines located throughout campus in every corner of every building. But other than the patent health effects mentioned above, in which soda is a leading cause of, what other negatives are happening to college students due to soda and other unhealthy dietetic habits? Student Performance and Unhealthy Diet Students are busy creatures.They have a lot on their plate with school work and those who hold jobs as well can feel downright overwhelmed. What do these student s do to survive the hectic lifestyle they lead? The answer is fast food, junk food and soda pop, and anything quick and easy to grab on the go. There is no shortage of these options on and around college campuses across the U. S. and at Iowa State. The quicker and easier the food the worse it unremarkably is for you. Most students do not take that into consideration, they are young and in good health.The fact is even if these bad habits do not catch up with you right away, there are plenty of dangers waiting around the corner in the future. Most students are probably not aware of the effects that their diet is having on them now. Poor diet not only leads to life threatening diseases but can have a number of psychological effects on a person. Depression can form from unhealthy diets, as students feel bad about their bodies and even chemical reactions from sugars and other ingredients in junk food can lead to depression like states.Studies have also been conducted in the past regardi ng the effects of junk food and soda on memory and links have been do that show a person who regularly eats fast food and drinks soda has lower memory and comprehension. A health student is a happy student is a successful student. Benefits of rose-cheeked Snacks The term snack has gained a definition similar to junk food over upstart years. According to Nutrition. coms Snack Attacks article, the idea that snacks are fattening is a myth, as well as the idea that snacking is the same as eating junk food. The article states that by eating snacks during a ong stretch of time between meals will eliminate any overeating during a meal, as long as these snacks are healthy alternatives. Since blood sugar drops three to five hours after a meal, occasional snacks boosts metabolism, according to Everyday Healths article profound Snacking Benefits. Being hungry puts ones body into starvation mode and will slow down metabolic processes, which causes the body to store fat. The article Healthy Snacking Benefits also discusses this when explaining that snacks high in nutrients, fiber, and protein, and not so high in fat will kickstart the bodys metabolism and can curb cravings.Snacking should also be thought of as fuel, and constant replenishment of this fuel prevents one from becoming overly tired and unable to concentrate. (Healthy Snacking Benefits) Healthy snacks give the body an superfluous energy boost and keeps a person more mentally alert and focused. Nurition. com discusses a similar topic and explains that the idea that snacks spoil your appetite for meals (Snack Attacks) is a myth. In fact, snacking two or three hours before a full meal may simply restrict the body from becoming extremely hungry and causing one to overeat.However, fattening snacks such as potato chips, chocolates, sweets, etc. will increase overall caloric intake if not considered into daily intake as a whole. Healthy snacks do not typically cause these problems. Growing children, athletes, te enagers, and adults all have varying needs when it comes to dietary needs. All athletes needs more energy than the average person, therefore allowing them to need energy in the form of carbohydrates, whereas teenagers need higher energy snacks and nutrients for their continually growing bodies, and while adults need to only maintain their health should eat more frequent, smaller snacks. Snack Attacks) Fruits, low-fat dairy products, grains, and vegetables are snacks that may boost energy and battle fatigue, as well as protein-laden food like fish, meat, eggs, cheese, and tofu because these contain amino acids which increase concentration. (Healthy Snacking Benefits) According to abc. com, raisins, soy products, walnuts, avocado, and high-fiber foods are the top 5 heart-healthy snacks. At the American College of Cardiologys annual meeting, researchers presented results of separate studies that evaluated the effects of raisins and soy on blood pressure. The studies found that oth foo ds lowered blood pressure when consumed regularly. (Top 5 Heart-Healthy Snacks) The researchers believe that the potassium intake from the raisins cause the decrease, while genistein, found in soy products increased dilation of the blood vessels, which led to a decrease in blood pressure. Walnuts contain healthier monounsaturated and unsaturated fats and these reduced low density lipids and increase high density lipids. They also have high levels of omega-3 fatty acids and walnuts have twice as many antioxidants as any other nut. Avocados are packed full with vitamins, fiber, and potassium 60% more than bananas.Any high fiber foods help to cleanse the digestive brochure of potentially dangerous fats. These foods may include oats, beans, fruits, vegetables, and grains. (Top 5 Heart-Healthy Snacks) Healthy snacks such as these have been studied and found to reduce many types of diseases and disorders. articulation diseases, ADHD, schizophrenia, and many other diseases may be pre vented through snacking on these healthy foods. (Healthy Snacking Benefits) Health and the Iowa State Community Our entire report and analysis has been conducted under the assurance that Iowa State University is a community afflicted by the pains of obesity and unhealthy eating.To insure that combatting obesity would be both well received and relevant to Iowa State students and community, our team distributed a 7-question survey, prompting students to give us their true feelings on obesitys affect on the community, what solutions they would regulate most effective, and if our conclusion of changing the vending machine products would cause any negative response. The short survey provides our group with much needed approval and validation from the community. If we had come to find that students would reject the proposed plan of action, steps could be made to resolve the issue and stay on course.More so, if students had found obesity to be an irrelevant issue, our group would be har d-pressed to find silver for a problem that wasnt seen to exist. Luckily, obesity is not out of the field of vision for the Iowa State community. When asked, How much do you grant with the following statement, Obesity is the biggest problem in the Iowa State University community? 68% of respondents answered that they at least somewhat agreed (Table 2. 1). Table 2. 1 Without this approval from the community, efforts to change obesity trends would be wasted.However, provided this overwhelming concern, it is now inherent that we offer the community a solid plan of action, that will produce real results, with little concern over life changes. one(a) vital factor in our quest to make the ISU community healthier is the maintenance of ones usual daily life. Abrupt changes can often bring depression and fear, and with a task as grand and as fragile as weight loss and health, we must(prenominal) tread lightly. Choosing a medium from which we would provide healthier food options is a diff icult task, and so we must account for accessibility, frequency of use, and potential for change.Iowa State University has made grand changes to its on-campus dining centers, but what about members of the community who do not have dining plans? Where do they buy the quickest, and often the most unhealthy, snacks? Vending machines. When over 150 students were asked, How often do you purchase food items from vending machines located on campus? The overwhelming majority responded that they only purchased snacks from the vending machines on campus a few times a month or year (Table 2. 2). Table 2. 2Although targeting vending machines may not initially reach the greatest population of students or community members, changing the contents of the vending machines will prove to be worthwhile. When survey participants were told of the proposed method of changing obesity trends at ISU by replacing received vending machine items with healthier options, potential vending machine use increased (Table 2. 3). Table 2. 3 Clearly, Iowa State community members approve of the proposed method, not only as beneficial for the community as a whole, but our solution remains as one that everyone would take part in overweight or not.Approval from the community is especially important, however it does not prove to be an authoritative reason for replacing the current vending machine items. To acquire the approval of funds from the GSB and Ames community, it is imperative that an expert weighs in on how to best alleviate the impact of obesity at Iowa State University. In an interview with ISUs Director of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, and author of Eat Simpler, Healthier with New Healthy & Homemade cookbook, Peggy Martin states that, making healthy choices takes planning. Within a world of homework, projects, exams, and extramarital activities, what ISU student has time to plan? Replacing unhealthy snack option in the vending machines on ISU campus will cut the hassle o f planning out each meal. ISU community members will no longer leave their apartments worrying about finding healthy food because it will be more accessible, available in each building, wherever a vending machine is located. Registered dietician Martin also provided our team with concrete example of healthy foods that can be exchange in vending machines.Implementing our solution as soon as possible is key, as Martin says, eliminating temptation in todays sugar-ridden environment will prove difficult, but worthwhile. Meso-level analysis of ISU community members through survey, and micro-level analysis of individual nutrition through interviewing Peggy Martin provides our team with necessary information needed to be successful on Iowa State campus. With the revamping of vending machine products ISU community members will be more likely to purchase vending machine snacks increasing profit, health, and awareness.Conclusions and Recommendations 1. Implementation of vending machines One solution to the obesity problem that ISU students face on campus is to change and regulate the universitys vending machines. The existing vending machines in use have little to no variety or choice of healthy foods. Most beverage type vending machines only have water as a choice as a healthy alternative. With giving students the selection of health foods, it will lower their risk of obesity during their stay at Iowa State.According to an article by the diary of adolescent health contents of school vending machines relate to diets either positively or negatively, depending on what is sold in them. Therefore, it is important that schools address the quality of food sold in vending machines in their wellness policies (Rovner 18). This means that the healthier foods in vending machines relate positively to diets and junk food relates negatively. By putting in only the vending machines with healthy food on our campus we will see a positive correlation with the students diets. . Variety of foods to see what sells best Before replacing over 100 vending machines on campus we want to make sure the products are sack to make revenues for the college. We can test out different types of products that will be available by replacing current vending machines in popular locations like the C-Stores and providing samples of the alternative products. By doing this we can get an idea of what is popular among the students. After we find out what products sell best, we can put them into our vending machines. 3. Wellness programsBecause of the levy on the junk foods, we will be able to create other wellness programs to help students having obesity or health related issues. Some programs may consist of having a free health screenings to show the negatives of unhealthy eating and giving recommendations on new healthy lifestyles. We can give health tips and guides for people who want to change their eating habits. These programs will mainly be funded by taxing the junk foods that ar e sold on campus. 4. Cost of healthy foods subsidized by taxing junk food Healthy food is not relatively expensive, but some foods have a short shelf life.The termss of replenishing these items in the vending machines are going to be slightly high because of human capital cost, having someone go and replace the vending machines routinely, and waste cost because of the foods expiration date. There are those processed healthy foods that cost more than normal ones because of the process to keep the nutrients in them cost more. To subsidize these costs, we can put an extra charge or tax on to the existing junk foods. It is not economical for Iowa State to get rid of all junk food that people do want by giving it a tax we can level the cost of buy and replacing the healthy ones.This will give students an incentive to choose the healthy foods because of the cheaper cost and may change the students eating habits. References Healthy Snacking Benefits. EverydayHealth. com. Web. 18 Apr. 20 12. . Nutrition. com. sg Healthy Eating Snack Attacks. Object Moved. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. . CAROLLO, KIM. Top 5 Heart-Healthy Snacks. rudiment News. ABC News Network, 26 Mar. 2012. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. lthttp//abcnews. go. com/Health/top-heart-healthy-snacks/story? id=15996098. 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 May 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. . Boyles, Salynn. Sodas and Your Health Risks Debated. WebMD. WebMD, 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. . Ogden, Cynthia L. , Margaret D. Carroll, Brian K. Kit, and Katherine M. Flegal. Prevalence of Obesity in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jan. 2012. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. . Pelch, Anna. The Health Effects of Soda Consumption. Home. St. Josephs Academy. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. http//scijourner. org/. Rovner, Alisha J. , Tonja R. Nansel, Jing Wang, and Ronald J. Iannotti. Food Sold in Sch ool Vending Machines Is Associated With Overall Student Dietary Intake. Journal of Adolescent Health 48. 1 (2011) 13-19. Science Direct. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. Interview with Peggy Martin raft (Appendix) Appendix I Survey The Iowa State Community and HealthParticipant, Thank you for choosing to participate in this short survey. With your help, you can aid our efforts to convert Iowa State University campus to one that promotes healthy food choices. All information obtained is anonymous and will only be used for an English 302 class project. All survey questions are optional and you may stop your completion of the survey at any time. Thank you for your contribution How much do you agree with the following statement, Obesity greatly affects the population of the United States? A. potently Agree B. Agree C. Neutral D. Disagree E.Strongly Disagree How much do you agree with the following statement, Obesity is a problem in the Iowa State University community? A. Strongly Agree B. Agree C. Neutral D. Disagree E. Strongly Disagree How often do you purchase food items from vending machines located on campus? A. More than 3 times a week B. Once or twice a week C. A few times a month D. A few times a year E. Never How much do you agree with the following statement, The items currently available for purchase on the ISU campus do not reflect the purchases I would prefer to make? A. Strongly Agree B. Agree C.Neutral D. Disagree E. Strongly Disagree If the vending machines on ISU campus had healthier options you would be A. More likely to purchase items from the vending machines B. Equally as likely to purchase items from the vending machines C. Less likely to purchase items from the vending machines D. I do not use the vending machines on ISU campus How much do you agree with following statement, Iowa State University is responsible for providing the community with healthier food options on campus? A. Strongly Agree B. Agree C. Neutral D. Disagree E. Strongly Disagree