Properties of Gases Essay Example for Free

Properties of Gases EssayThe purpose of this lab was to investigate and discover the physical and chemical properties of almost bumblees. Throughout this lab the ability to identify if and when gasses were present was enhanced.During the first step of this lab, when obtaining the hydrogen from the mossy zinc and the hydrochloric acid, it took a lot longer than I impression it would for the water in the pipet to be displaced. I was tempted to remove the stopper and add another piece of zinc and see if that would make it go faster, however I did not want to interrupt the process. It seemed the longer that the mossy zinc was exposed to the hydrochloric acid the faster it thawd and therefore more than gas was produced. When the manganese and the hydrogen peroxide were exposed to each other there was much more fizzy produced than that of the zinc and the hydrochloric acid. I was surprised (although I dont know why) that the lime water turned cloudy when exposed to breath. It i s quite simple when you think about it that when you exhale you release carbon dioxide which as shown in the above data turns the lime water cloudy.Conclusion/Discussion During the course of this lab I learned a lot about the generation of gases. I was somewhat confused in the beginning about how to use some of the equipment for this lab. As the lab went on I figured it out and became much more comfortable with it. I thought some of the experiments were very informative and interesting. I especially liked the portions about reactions with a lit match or the fervent splint as it showed on a small scale if the gas produced was flammable or not.Questions A. Give two reasons why we fill the gas writer test tubes almost to the top with chemicals.1. The first reason we fill the test tubes almost to the top with chemicals is so that the reaction mingled with the two substances is high affluent to the top to go through the rubber stopper and displace the water in the pipet and trap the gas.2. The second reason is so that observations can be made easily about the reactions. If it was not almost completely filled we may have had to try to pick up the test tube or remove the tissue paper to make observations and this may have altered the results.B. What happens to the zinc in the hydrogen generation experiment?The zinc begins to slowly dissolve when exposed to the hydrochloric acid. The longer the zinc was submerged in the hydrochloric acid the faster it seemed to dissolve.C. What happens to the manganese in the oxygen generation experiment?The manganese produced large amounts of fizzing when exposed to the hydrogen peroxide. It was difficult to tell whether the manganese was actually dissolving or just fizzing.D. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between O2 and H2.2H2 + O2 2H2OE. What is the function/purpose of the bromothymol blue in the CO2 experiment?The purpose of the bromothymol blue was to show the reaction of the chemicals and the gas that was formed . Since the bromothymol blue changed from blue to yellow, that signified that the gas formed was acidic.F. Bromothymol blue is blue in the presence of basic solutions, and yellow in the presence of acidic solutions. If your solution is a murky green, what superpower you aim about the solution?I would assume one of two things. There may have possibly been a contamination of the substance. The other possibility might be that the pH of the solution is neutral. If the bromothymol blue turns a murky green color this may indicate that the substance is neither basic or acidic.

Bowling for Columbine Is Not a Documentary Essay Example for Free

Bowling for aquilegia Is Not a Documentary EssayMichael Moores Bowling for Columbine, the film which won an Oscar for best documentary, is non in fact a documentary, but rather to a greater extent of a persuasive essay in film format. The widely accepted definition of documentary is a film emphasizing or expressing things as perceived without distortion of personal feelings, insertion of fictional matter, and minimal editting, and Bowling for Columbine does not show every of these characteristics. Instead of show uping a neutral view of the issues, it is clearly biased and purposely manipulates the viewing audience into agreeing with Moores opinions. In the process, Moore frequently uses incorrect statistics and information. In some cases sham evidence is also inserted. Documentaries should have close to no editing of the evidence, however in some cases Moore uses sly editing techniques to deceive the viewers. A prominent utilisation of this can be seen in Charlton Hestons speech. It appears as though the NRA chairwoman is holding protest rallies in response to the gun related incidents in Columbine and Flint Michigan, holding a musket up and proclaiming I have only five words for you from my cold dead hands whilst the crowd cheers.Moore makes a suggest of cutting from scenes of heartbroken victims to Hestons arrogant speeches. The purpose of this is to demonize Heston, and also all the members of the NRA. He wants the audience to perceive all gun lovers as heartless, self-loving monsters. However on closer observation, it turns out Moore simply grabbed segments from Hestons former speeches, splicing them together to form a new one, completely different from what the president had intended. Documentaries are meant to lay out the truth, whilst here the film has morphed the truth into a lie instead.Going back to the definition, Bowling for Columbine again falls briefly of being a documentary through its failure to include only correct, factual evide nce. Moore chooses to use incorrect facts the national gun murder statistics that await abnormally high are sourced from the National Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and is a combination of gun related and non gun related incidents, so is and so irrelevant to what the documentary was trying to say.The rockets shown in the Lockheed Martin sequences and being driven though the streets of Littleton in the night are in fact space launch vehicles, not weapons of mass destruction as Moore claims. These facts, false in nature, are again put there to distort the truth and make the viewers believe that things are more horrifying than they actually are, so that they are more susceptible to Moores mental manipulation. One of the fundamentals of a documentary is that it must present facts, and obviously Bowling for Columbine has not fulfilled that requirement.Throughout Bowling for Columbine, Moore presents an extremely biased view of events. Moore does everything in his power to m anipulate viewers into see things from his eyes. M some(prenominal) are many persuasive techniques are used to achieve this. The film horrifies the audience with confronting scenes from the 9/11 attacks and the Columbine shooting. A instruct History of America makes people see Americans as cowardly and pathetic. Charlton Hestons speech angers the audience and makes them turn against gun lovers.There are many more examples, however the point is that documentaries should be neutral and informative, yet the film actively tries to force the viewers to a narrow-minded conclusion. In summary, although Bowling for Columbine whitethorn be a creative persuasive film, it is most certainly not a documentary. Not only does the film fail to adhere in any way to the definition of a traditional documentary, it largely utilises deceptive techniques to push Moores artificial and contrived point of view.

Development of Civil Rights

Development of Civil RightsDulce Melgoza RodriguezCivil Rights Power to the PeopleThe seeking of civil rights is a seemingly suppressless fight that is still experienced in the get together States on a daily basis. Since Americas early years, there has been a struggle for people of color to have as much rights as Caucasians. Skin color has determined privilege, and despite the fact that there has been progress, there has in any case been regress as well. When the idea of civil rights was in the early stages, non solely were conformed to the thought. Some even took matters into their own hands, such(prenominal) as with the infamous multitude formation of the Ku Klux Klan. Even with the supposed protection under the police force, ingloriouss still came under the harassment and hate crimes that came from the KKK and exemplary discrimination under the Jim Crow Laws that followed them even with the emptying of those said laws, people still refused to accept the nonage race as a n equal. An evident racism and reaction to civil rights seen today mirrors the past and holds true to the fact that civil rights have isnt just one battle, and that it to be continuously sought after.Civil Rights are, by definition, the rights of citizens to governmental and social freedom and equality. Minorities in the United States have individually worked to gain their rights that werent given to them since birth as it was with the non-minority race. It is a lot easier to be white than to be a minority. For whites, they dont typically deal with racial profiling because their skin color doesnt make them look like the enemy nor are they reduced to a stereotype. In the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence it is written that we hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their cause with certain unalienable rights , however those rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness were only to men who were white, and not to any other race or ethnic group.During the Civil War, a major tension between the north and south dealt with the topic of if blacks should be kept as slaves. North said no and the South said yes. after the loss of the Confederacy, and the establishment of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, blacks were happy, but the wealthy and plantation owners were not. African Americans exercised their new rights at first, but black codes were established that stripped them of their freedoms and reduced them to a level of indentured servitude. At this time as well the Ku Klux Klan go to power to intimidate blacks so they wouldnt attempt to gain more(prenominal) of their rights. The order was effective and fear and panic was spread doneout as members of the KKK could have been anyone from the average man to law enforcement officials. The period of Reconstruction in the South that was meant to be a prosperous time for blacks in America, didnt prove to have as much progress as originally intended.Influential black activists who fought for their rights rose up at this time and made themselves known. Some looked for gradual methods to gain their freedoms and others demanded immediate equal rights. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Dubois. With the use of courts and legislature, the NAACP would fight for the Civil Rights of African Americans.Despite the Amendments established in the Constitution, Southern states imposed voting restriction laws to disenfranchise African Americans through the use of literacy tests, poll tax, and the grandfather clause. The South went even further by passing the Jim Crow Laws that instituted segregation between blacks and whites in public facilities.These laws came to be challenged in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson where Homer Plessy, a part black and part white man who could technically use both white and black facilities, was told to move to the end o f a train, and ended up suing. Plessy lost the case and out of it, the doctrine separate but equal was established and ruled that the fourteenth amendment only ensured political equality and that segregation was not the same as inferiority, which made segregation legal for the next sixty years.Civil Rights had a long ways to go at this point, and the discrimination against blacks was followed into both World Wars. In World War II, American troops told the French to treat the white troops better than the black troops and they bunked in segregated facilities. After WW2, Blacks fought alongside NAACP and the Congress of Racial Equality to eliminate the Jim Crow Laws. In 1954, Congress declared the separate but equal rule to be unconstitutional, with the court case of Brown v. Board of Education that desegregated schools and began to apply the 14th amendment to its full extent, though it would be eleven more years until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and fourteen years until the Civil Ri ghts Act of 1968.Since the Voting Rights Act and Civil Rights Act, there has been change in the public policy towards the issue of racism and discrimination however, it is still present despite the legislation passed to combat it. No matter how much America has gone forward in its advancements in Civil Rights, but just like it was in the 1860s, not everyone is willing to follow suit in the idea of equality for all races. The NAACP and other civil rights activist groups are still around today just like the KKK is. The need for civil tights is still prevalent today, and not just for blacks but for all minority groups such as Hispanics, Native Americans, or Asians who have also benefitted off the legislation passed. In a typical election, most minorities would rather vote Democrat rather than Republican because the Democrats are those whose policies like Affirmative Action which seek to advance those who have been at a disadvantage throughout history. Liberal standpoints favor Civil Rights while Conservatives have opposed them. When it comes to future policy-making issues, no minority wants to vote for an official who wouldnt care about the importance of their rights and whose actions could lead to something simple as ignoring the fact discrimination exists and that it occurs to their constituents or to going out of their way to make the minorities the less represented group. This could go from anywhere such as gerrymandering, where district lines can be drawn up in a way to favor one caller representation over another which actually has to be approved by Congress when done by the South to actual passing of legislation such as in Arizonas Immigration Enforcement laws passed in 2010 that allowed for anyone who remotely looks illegal to a law enforcement official to be questioned and detained. Though it is a law that isnt supposedly based on the color of ones skin, its evident that the appearance of the individual is what determines if the police officer approa ches them and asks to see their papers. turn up is gradual overall, so there needs to be a stronger initiative to gain more than just rights, but also a sense of obeisance and to break the barrier of discrimination for something trivial like the color of ones skin. There cant be talk about emanation when the progress is so little and there are people constantly trying to stop it through laws or discreet methods. If judging people on their race continues, nothing will ever get accomplished because the non-minority child will grow with a mindset that they cant amount to anything. The institutionalised racism will discourage those minorities even though they are not to be the minority group within the future years of the growing population. The minority needs to know of their rights and the impact they can have on the United States if they banded together to bring change. All that needs to happen is for this group to show they are not weak and that if they show the same amount of gu sto that their predecessors showed, the United States could prove to be an entirely different place for its citizens, especially those of color.

Sheep Heart Dissection Physical Education Essay

Sheep Heart Dissection Physical Education EssayLike human punks, a sheeps heart contains two atria and two ventricles. These foursome chambers work together to pump deoxygenated snag to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body this allows blood to circulate the body in a regular manner. The Copernican reason for carrying out this experiment is to examine and understand the structural features of the heart which will help us appreciate how the heart operates. It is vital that location of twain and exterior and internal vessels and chambers are clear before any dissection takes place. It is important to none that when looking at the heart its like looking at a mirror reflection, hence the advanced side of dissection is actually the left side of the heart and vice versa. From the anterior view the location of all four chambers (two upper atria and two lover ventricles) should be noted, the left and honorable side of the heart should be separated by a line of fl esh out and vessels called the interventricular sulcus.The heart muscle, unlike the rest of the bodys muscle, is unique to its function. It requires no energy (ATP ADP) in order to pump. Cardiac muscle has the characteristic automaticity, what this means is that the heart is under no influence of hormones of neurons for it to beat, the cells themselves have their own beating power. The black Maria cells are part of a system known as the hearts conducting system. Special cells within the heart (part of the SA and AV nodes) are responsible for the heart beat, however if circumstances in the body change and the heart is required to pump more or less(prenominal) blood to the body wherefore the autonomic nervous system plays a role via special nerves called the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.The heart circulates blood near the body, it is nothing but two pumps joined in a single organ.The left ventricular wall (left myocardium) is thinker than that of the right ventricular wal l (right myocardium), this is imputable to the reason that the right side of the heart only pumps blood (deoxygenated) to the lungs, whereas the left side pumps blood (oxygenated) to the entire body.Materials and methodsPreserved sheep heartDissecting panoperative scalpelSurgical scissorsDissectionThe aim is to obtain a frontal section through the left and right side of the heart. During the dissection I had to be very cautious not to cut any valves of vessels that would result in negative results.I first located the interventricular sulcus from there I identified the right ventricle and the left ventricle. The right side of the heart was to the left of the sulcus, after identifying the superior vena cava I then made an incision using the scissors through the vena cava trough the top of the atrium. At this point using a scalpel would be easier, I therefore continued the incision using the scalpel through the wall of the right atrium smoothen to the bottom of the right ventricle. T he right side is now split into two part, I pulled these two apart and immediately identified the tricuspid valve that separated the atrium from the ventricle. The aim of the tricuspid valve indicated and confirmed that the incision was made through the right side of the heart.Moving on to the left side of the heart, I located the pulmonary arterial blood vessel and using the scalpel I made an incision through it down to the bottom of the left ventricle. The semi-lunar valve of the pulmonary vein was present, as was the bicuspid valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.My last-place incision was made through the aorta this incision was done to observe the aortic semi-lunar valve.Several pictures were taken for the results section.ResultsAnterior (stern-costal) surface viewvena cavaPulmonary arterial blood vessel proper(ip) atriumRight ventricleInterventricular sulcusPulmonary veinAortaLeft atriumLeft ventricleHeart apexThe left and the right sides of the heart are divide by a line called the interventricular sulcus.Right side of the heartThe picture on the right shows the tricuspid valve clearer than the one below it.Tricuspid valveTendonsPapillary musclesRight ventricleThe below picture has been provided as the one above does not show ALL the right side of the heart.TendonsWall of right ventricle (thinner than that of left ventricle)Vena cavaRight atriumTricuspid valveSemi-lunar valveFrom the picture above we can tell that the right ventricular wall is thinner than the left ventricular wall. The reason for this is payable to how the heart works and how it circulates blood and to where (see introduction section on page 1). We can compare this picture to the one below, where the left ventricular wall is obviously thicker.Left side of the heartAortaPulmonary vein (cut)Left atriumBicuspid valveTendonsPapillary musclesLeft ventricle (thick)Superior view of heartRight atriumVena cavaPulmonary veinCardiac skeletonAortaLeft atriumPulmonary ar teryConclusionThe dissection was a relative success, all the chambers, vessels and valves were identified. After intense analysis of the interior of the heart , the heart has two sides, the right side of the heart received deoxygenated blood via the vena cava from the superior and inferior sides of the body. This deoxygenated blood travels through the vena cava into the right atrium, down the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. When the ventricles contract the deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle is pumped through the pulmonary artery passing the semi-lunar valve. This deoxygenated blood then travels to the capillaries of the lungs where they exchange waste products such as carbon dioxide for oxygen. The blood is not oxygen-rich therefore oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then travels from the capillaries of the lungs to the pulmonary vein which leads to the left atrium of the heart, once the oxygenated blood is in the left atrium it is pushed (atrium systole) through the bicuspid valves into the left ventricle when it is then further pumped (ventricular systole) though the aortic semi-lunar valves into the aorta where it is distributed to the rest of the body where oxygen is required.A lab and gloves was worn to prevent biological contamination, after the dissection the gloves were put into biological waste bins and hands were washed with antibacterial after taking off the labcoats.military ratingMore dissection practice would bring more accurate results, although I have dissected a sheeps heart more than a few times. Different sizes of hearts would have portrayed the different sizes of valves and vessels it would bring more attention to how the heart evolves. As this practical involved sharing a single sheeps heart amongst three students, room for error was encountered. Different cuts and incisions wanted to be made, however the results came out accurate.

A Introduction To Satellite Television

A Introduction To send tellySatellite boob tube first the consumer market in the early 1990s. Dishes made for the average household were expensive and took up a lot of space in the garden. I n the first few long time of send TV only the wealthiest, or more die-hard fans of television receiver, would go to the trouble of buying and setting up a artificial satellite suffice. Satellite television was also a lot harder to get than cable or channelize TV.In the present day you see satellite helpes on the rooftops of most foundationowners in the UK and indeed the rest of the western world. The major satellite TV companies ar getting more and more people to buy their product with promises of films, sports and especi entirelyy tidings from around the world. The advancement into high-definition televisions and being able to get a high definition satellite sign of the zodiac has made it even more prominent.Satellite Television gives us m both solutions to the problems that come wi th air out TV and, although not perfect itself, is now the main way to view television.In its basic form satellite television is a lot like broadcast television. They are both(prenominal) a wireless system for delivering television programming to a viewing audience house. And they both use satellite stations to transmit programming via a radio signal.Using powerful antennas broadcast stations transmit radio waves to the area meet them. The viewers, however, pick up the signal with a much belittleder antenna. Broadcast television works fine it just has one massive drawback, which is range. When a broadcast antenna shoots out a radio signal it is shot out in a straight line. To receive these signals you have to be in the immediately line of sight of the antenna. If you are not the signal may become distorted. Small obstacles such as trees or small buildings should not be a problem but bigger obstacles, such as satellite earth, would pose a problem. If you transmitted a broadc ast signal over a perfectly flat surface you would be able to pick up a signal thousands of miles away from the source. besides in the real world the curvature of the planet distorts and blocks the signal sent out from the satellite, to get a perfect signal you would have to be close to the antenna with no obstacles in between.The Satellite TV SolutionSatellite TV solves this problem by transmitting signal from satellites orbiting the humans. Because these satellites are so high in the sky it means in that respect are a lot more customers in range and line of sight. Satellite TV systems transmit and receive radio signals using specialized antennas called satellite dishes.plat of how Satellite TV works.When the satellites that broadcast these radio signals are sent up in to space they are all sent up in geosynchronous orbit. This means that they all stay in one place in the sky relative to the Earth.Some factsEvery satellite is launched into space at 7000mphEach one reaches about 22,200 miles above the Earth.When the satellite is this high and moving at such a speed it will revolve around the Earth once every 24 hours, keeping it in the same position above the Earth giving constant signal to the viewer with uninterrupted signals.The Components of Satellite TVIn a DTH (direct to home) or DBS (direct broadcasting) satellite system there are five major components. These are the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the satellite dish and the receiver.Programming source this is where the channels that provide the programmes are based. This is where the satellite TV providers go to pay other companies (for example MTV or Nickelodeon) for the right to broadcast there programmes through their satellites.Broadcast Center The broadcast center is central part of the system. In the broadcast center the people who are providing the TV to the viwers at home receive signals from different programming sources and then(prenominal) beam a broadcast sig nal to satellites to geosynchronous orbit.Satellites The satellites in space receive the signal sent from the broadcast center and beam them back down to Earth.Dish The viewer then picks up this rebroadcasted signal and the satellite dish passes it onto the receiver in the house.Receiver either the receiver then has to is process the signal and pass it on to a standard TV.This is a very good system to providing a good flavour signal to a large area. It has very picture display and sound quality with hundreds of channels and the service is ready to use in rural and urban areas and provides a lot of access to digital and high definition programming. However satellite is not without its drawbacks. It commode be quite expensive to buy all the equipment at the outset (satellite dish and receiver etc) and if you want to access satellite television in multiple rooms in your home be active for the extra cost. As well as this satellite television can be subject to extreme weather cond itions.Satellite TV signalsSatellites signals have a very long way to travel before they appear on your TV screen. Because of this and because they contain very high-quality digital data it would be near inconceivable to transmit them without packion. Compression is defined, in this case, as removing all unnecessary or repeated information. After the signal is transmitted it is reconstructed.Satellite TV has to use a very unique type of video file compression standardized by the Moving Pictures Experts Group or MPEG for short. This allows the provider to successfully transmit importantly more channels than without using this method of compression.MPEG standards exist to promote interoperability among your computer, televisionand hand held video and audio devices. These MPEG standards areMPEG-1 this is the original standard. It is employ for encoding and decoding streaming video and audio files.MPEG-2 this standard compresses files which are used and transmitted for a high qualit y of video and is the standard for digital television.MPEG-4 the function of this standard is to compress high definition video onto a smaller scale so you can stream it to computers, mobile phones and PDAs.MPEG-21 This standard basically interprets digital content so that the media plays flawlessly no matter what machine it is, what language it is in or the user conditions. It is also referred as the Multimedia Framework.Most satellite TV providers used to use the MPEG-2 standard to compress their signals but changed to the MPEG-4 standard of compression. This is because MPEG-4 is more efficient at encoding can provide a much greater bandwidth than MPEG-2. However MPEG-2 still remains the official standard for digital television. This is because it is more able to analyse static images, like those you would see in such programmes like scold shows or newscasts whereas MPEG-4 is better at analysing moving, dynamic images. MPEG-4 can do this through such things as spatial1and tempora l2compression. This is how satellite TV manages to provide such a high quality picture of fast-moving objects on the screen, that are always moving, like in a football game.Satellite DishWhen the signal reaches the viewers house it is captured by the satellite dish. The satellite dish is made up of an aparabolic (bowl-shaped) surface and a central feed horn. The signal passes through the horn and then the dish focuses the signal into a narrow beam.This receiving dish works in the exact opposite way to the transmitter as it cant transmit information, it can only receive it. The dish acts just like a concave mirror in that the shape of the dish reflects the signal inward onto a fussy point just like a concave mirror focuses light onto a particular point.The dishes feed horn feeds the signal on to the receiving equipment, and if there hasnt been any obstacles between the satellite and the dish there should be a perfect signal coming into the viewers receiver (unless the weather is bad ). Before the dish sends the signal to the viewers receiver it amplifies and filters the signal using LNB, or low noise blockdown converter. After this the LNB passes the amplified, filtered signal to inside the house.Sometimes, in some systems, the dish needs to pick up a signal from two different satellites. Sometimes this may be possible but when it isnt it may compromise the quality of the signal because the dish cannot be aimed at both of the satellites at the same time so either one or both of the signals would be distorted.Satellite ReceiverAt the end of the satellite TV system is the receiver. It has four important jobsIt takes the encrypted signal and de-scrambles itIt takes the digital MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 signal and changes them into an analog signal so the standard television can recognizeIt also has to sort out the individualAs well as this it keeps the providers headquarters up to date with the payments the viewer owes the provider of the satellite television.ConclusionAft er closely studying satellite television and how it works it is clear to me that is much better and more practical then the older prevalent broadcast television. This is because of the greater range and line of sight that satellites have got rather than the regular antennas which are impeded by the curvature of the earth and even small obstacles. Although satellite television does have some drawbacks I would say it is definitely the way forward in television broadcasting and has already nearly interpreted over the market.

Written and Unwritten Components of the Constitution Essay -- Politics

A paper is a thing antecedent to a government, and a government is only the creature of a constitution. A constitution is not the act of government, but of people constituting a government, and government without a constitution is power without a right. (1)Thomas Paine A constitution is the system of laws, customs and conventions which define the composition and power of organs of the state, and regulate the relations of the various state organs to one another and to the private citizen. (2) According to Helen Fenwick and Govin Phillipson, the purpose of a constitution is to control the power of the state and ensure that that power derives from a legitimate source. (3) There are many ways to clarify types of constitutions but the some significant are monarch or republican, unitary or federal, and written or unwritten. The latter clarification has raised large debates for many centuries and was discussed by proud scholars, starting with Walter Bagehot to Vernon Bogdanor. Thi s essay will evaluate main strength and weaknesses of both, viz. a constitution as a single document, the doctrine of separation of powers, and plasticness and entrenchment of written and unwritten constitutions First of all, a written constitution is a codified single document which comprises rules of governing a country as well as rights, duties and freedoms of individuals within the country. However, an unwritten constitution, also termed as an uncodified constitution, is diverse of different pieces of legislation, customs and political conventions. There are only three countries in the world which have unwritten constitution, including New Zealand, Israel, and the United Kingdom. Usually, a constitution can be written after a m... ...ugh both Houses of Parliament and consume three-fifth majority (17). Professor John McEldowney(16) writes that the advantages of entrenchment of written constitution is that it limits powers of the government to interfere into different b ranches of government, namely the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. What is more, the entrenchment constitution, unlike flexible unwritten constitution, provides keen-sighted approach to social world in the way it does not depend on the government of the day, (18) However, Anthony Bradley and Ewing have more positive point of view towards flexible unwritten constitution relied on political principles rather than legal rules established by written constitution. (19) This point of view can be demonstrated by the capital punishment article of the American entrenched constitution, which infringes fundamental human rights.

Trapped in the Darkness Essay -- Papers

Trapped in the Darkness Its dark, indescribably dark. Usually theres moonlight, artificial light, starlight, fewthing, unless not here theres nothing. I try to move, but I am restrained. I listen, but I hear nothing. I smell but I smell only something clinical. If it wasnt for my heart pounding and my lungs racing to catch up, I talent imagine I am dreaming, but Im not. Im not I fearfully reach out with my right deal and, afraid of what I might find, I try to resist the temptation to clench my fist. With each centimetre I stretch comes a new level of terror. I reach further and further, shudder in anticipation of what I might find. Shivering al small-scales me to feel the robes Im wearing and bringing with it the frightening realisation that Im not wearing the jeans and shirt I was support night. Im dressed in something quite different. I bring my hand back, from its outward reach, to touch my waist it feels uniform a jacket. I slide it up to my neck. I feel fabric its a bowtie. Im in a suit. I rarely wear suits. Reluctantly I force my hand to resume its seek for a clue to where I am. Its an unspeakable dread, not to know what I might find. I reach out my hand. Thud. It hits something. I hesitantly stroke the cause of the object that it met. I reach out in another direction. Thud. And and then I reach out in another. Thud. Increasingly alarmed by this olfactory property of being trapped I rub the surfaces with my hand, hoping they will yield some clue to my situation. I feel all around me, but its futile. My sense of hopelessness mounts. Realising that senses alone wont help me I try to remember what I did last night. It was my bi... ...ain. There is a slight jolt and Im stationary. Thank God Theres a low hum, like the hum of machinery, and Im moving again, but not rocking this time. This time the exertion seems quite linear, and as I begin to relax There is a roar, like the roar of a f urnace which causes my heart to quicken, my lungs to race and my mind to panic. Tiring of this torture, I just want it to end. Its hot. My God its hot I begin to perspire the air out thins and I gasp for oxygen. My feet blaze, and suddenly I realise that this is no incubus this is no illusion. I scream in agony. Aware of the inferno approaching my feet, I start to convulse, fitting in a futile effort to fall upon free from my constraint. Flames rupture the coffin that restrains me, and the foul smell of burning flesh is dissemble by the inevitability of death. Trapped in the Darkness Essay -- written document Trapped in the Darkness Its dark, indescribably dark. Usually theres moonlight, artificial light, starlight, something, but not here theres nothing. I try to move, but I am restrained. I listen, but I hear nothing. I smell but I smell only something clinical. If it wasnt for my heart pounding and my lungs racing to catch up, I might imagine I am dreaming, but Im not. Im not I fearfully reach out with my right hand and, afraid of what I might find, I try to resist the temptation to clench my fist. With each centimetre I stretch comes a new level of terror. I reach further and further, shivering in anticipation of what I might find. Shivering allows me to feel the clothes Im wearing and bringing with it the frightening realisation that Im not wearing the jeans and shirt I was last night. Im dressed in something quite different. I bring my hand back, from its outward reach, to touch my waist it feels like a jacket. I slide it up to my neck. I feel fabric its a bowtie. Im in a suit. I rarely wear suits. Reluctantly I force my hand to resume its search for a clue to where I am. Its an unspeakable dread, not to know what I might find. I reach out my hand. Thud. It hits something. I hesitantly stroke the face of the object that it met. I reach out in another direction. Thud. And then I re ach out in another. Thud. Increasingly alarmed by this feeling of being trapped I rub the surfaces with my hand, hoping they will yield some clue to my situation. I feel all around me, but its futile. My sense of desperation mounts. Realising that senses alone wont help me I try to remember what I did last night. It was my bi... ...ain. There is a slight jolt and Im stationary. Thank God Theres a low hum, like the hum of machinery, and Im moving again, but not rocking this time. This time the movement seems quite linear, and as I begin to relax There is a roar, like the roar of a furnace which causes my heart to quicken, my lungs to race and my mind to panic. Tiring of this torture, I just want it to end. Its hot. My God its hot I begin to perspire the air thins and I gasp for oxygen. My feet blaze, and suddenly I realise that this is no nightmare this is no illusion. I scream in agony. Aware of the inferno approaching my feet, I start to convulse, f itting in a futile effort to break free from my constraint. Flames rupture the coffin that restrains me, and the foul smell of burning flesh is masked by the inevitability of death.