Nacirema free essay sample

Body Ritual Among The Naclrema As I began to peruse Body Ritual Among The Nacirema by Horace Miner I was truly befuddled. You revealed to us that the schoolwork was to compose what was the genuine importance of this perusing yet I needed to rehash the pages again and again to locate the genuine significance to the perusing that Horace Miner was discussing. It Is a culture named Nacirema and that nobody truly think a lot about this culture. And furthermore that they originate from the east. He discusses the ceremonies they have and how they care for their odies and attempt to make It look excellent on the grounds that they accept that the human body is terrible and that is the motivation behind why we rot when we pass on. He likewise discusses how the Ndclremd culture they deal with their mouths since they ere frightened that If they dont deal with their teeth they will all drop out. We will compose a custom article test on Nacirema or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At that point I understud Horace Miner was not discussing a real clan called Naclrema It was discussing the American coulture. One of the main things I notice was that the name Nacirema was America spelled in reverse. I additionally saw that they had a couple of things that we have now daily however they Just call It in an unexpected way. For instance what they call a medication man and botanist, we call a specialist and a drug specialist on the grounds that the medication man does no do the supernatural pouon. They Just record what Is required for the elixir and that Is doctors main thing. They do a cheek up on you and compose a remedy for you to take to the drug store so they make it tor you your medication. They likewise state that the Naclrema individuals accept they can't live with out the mixtures, and perhaps individuals in ur society imagine that they need medication for everything regardless of whether it isn't essential. Additionally he says that this culture utilized the otherworldly mixtures for a couple of times and never use it agairh And that is the thing that the vast majority will in general do utilize the medicen on more than one occasion and forget about It and desire save It In the house for reasons unknown. He likewise discusses the dental specialist as blessed mouth men. I likewise think the appeal confine is the mirror the restroom since he says every day each part ot the family in progression goes into the hrine room retires from before the appeal box implying that each one goes to the washroom remains before the mirror and puts their face down to wash their face. Many individuals a large portion of the things they in particular and for the most part care about Is what they look like and how others would think about them so they foces a ton on their beautly Just Ilke this individuals In the Naclrema clan. acirema By Gloria-Ines Body Ritual Among The Nacirema importance to the perusing that Horace Miner was discussing. It is a culture named odies and attempt to make it look excellent in light of the fact that they accept that the human body is Nacirema culture they deal with their mouths since they are terrified that on the off chance that they dont deal with their teeth they will all drop out. At that point I understud Horace Miner was not discussi ng a real clan called Nacirema it was discussing the American yet they Just call it in an unexpected way. For instance what they call a medication man and the supernatural mixture. They Just record what is required for the mixture and that is o the drug store so they make it for you your medication. They additionally state that the Nacirema individuals accept they can't live with out the elixirs, and possibly individuals in it once more. Furthermore, that is the thing that the vast majority will in general do utilize the medicen more than once and forget about it and Just save it in the house for reasons unknown. He likewise discusses the in light of the fact that he says every day each individual from the family in progression enters the face. Many individuals a large portion of the things they in particular and for the most part care about is the manner by which they beautly Just like this individuals in the Nacirema clan.

Starting a Job Search Do These 8 Things First

Beginning a Job Search Do These 8 Things First After the monetary downturn in 2010 and 2011, the joblessness rate in the United States tumbled from more than 9 percent to under 6 percent, as indicated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Be that as it may, a lot of individuals despite everything experience lay-offs, RIFs, and different circumstances that lead to work misfortune. At the point when you wind up without a wellspring of salary, start your pursuit of employment on a positive note with these eight fundamental advances. 1. Set a ScheduleApproach work chasing with a similar association you bring to your work.Job searchers frequently start solid, at that point slack off following a couple of long stretches of disillusioning outcomes. As indicated by the Bloomberg View, the normal time spent on work looking through drops by 30 minutes out of every day after 12 weeks.Create day by day objectives for yourself that may incorporate scouring work commercials, conveying resumes, or systems administration with partners. Change your exercises from everyday so the inquiry doesn’t become dreary, yet keep a set calendar to keep up your momentum.2. Reexamine Your ResumeUpdate business dates, sets of responsibilities, and different subtleties on your resume to guarantee it moves an ideal impression. Use activity words at whatever point conceivable to exhibit your hard working attitude and your experience.However, fight the temptation to overstate on your resume. Forbes reports that 40 percent of human asset experts have expanded their reality looking at endeavors to weed up-and-comers who stretch the truth.3. Solicitation a ReferenceSend your previous business an email to get some information about references. You don’t need a standard reference letter from your old chief, yet ask about future requests.Simply express that you should give their contact data to a forthcoming business. Ask how the individual in question would want to deal with it. For instance, a few managers would prefer to handle calls, while others would like to type up a reference letter.4. Practice Your PoiseIf you’ve delighted in a similar activity throughout the previous 10 years, look over your meeting aptitudes. Ask a believed companion or relative to fill the role of the questioner for a counterfeit meeting.Practice keeping in touch, posing natural inquiries, and reacting expressively to troublesome inquiries. Pretending improves your relational abilities, yet it additionally lessens your tension about the genuine thing.5. Approach Your AcquaintancesMine your system of past partners, bosses, and partners. Connect by means of email, call, or content to get some information about their lives or to welcome them to interface with you through social media.Your existing contacts offer an abundance of chances. Businesses never publicize somewhere in the range of 70 and 80 percent of accessible employments, as per NPR, so you may get a referral to a position you could never have known existed.6. Research th e IndustryDon’t depend on existing information to fuel your pursuit of employment. Rather, inquire about the businesses wherein you would like to work to find out about enhancements, progressions, and changes. Utilize this information to intrigue potential bosses with your expertise.7. Communicate Your BrandJust like significant companies, work searchers need to mark themselves. Locate your one of a kind selling recommendation, at that point make it known through correspondence with potential managers. What do you bring to the table that makes you more alluring than the following resume-using work hunter?8. Secure the Right SuppliesAlways print your resume on top notch paper on the off chance that you convey it face to face. You may need a day organizer or note pad in which to sort out the subtleties of your pursuit of employment or an application for your telephone that makes you aware of planned gatherings and meetings.

Blog Archive Dartmouth Tuck Jumps to Second Place in Bloomberg Businessweeks 2019 U.S. MBA Ranking

Blog Archive Dartmouth Tuck Jumps to Second Place in Bloomberg Businessweek’s 2019 U.S. MBA Ranking The Stanford Graduate School of Business may have nabbed the top spot in the recently published 2019â€"2020 Bloomberg Businessweek ranking of U.S. business schools for the second year in a row, but Dartmouth College’s Tuck School of Business was arguably the biggest winner: the school came in second after jumping a whopping 17 spots from its 2018 finish. Bloomberg Businessweek released its global and national MBA rankings in a combined list last year for the first time, and the 2019 U.S. ranking is indeed just a previewâ€"the full list, including international schools, will be released later this year. The Darden School of Business at the University of Virginia also improved its standing from 2018 by gaining four places and landing in the fifth spot. Similarly, the UCLA Anderson School of Management was 17th last year and 12th this time. The year’s most notable drops in ranking included Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business, which fell five spots to 20th place, and the USC Marshall School of Business, which was ranked 13th in 2018 and 22nd in 2019. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania fell slightly to sixth place, after finishing second in 2018. Stay tuned to see whether the international schools will gain or lose their momentum in the 2019 global Bloomberg Businessweek ranking! Share ThisTweet Dartmouth College (Tuck) Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business)

The World Of Early American History - 941 Words

Slavery has always remained at the forefront of early American history. Although it has proven to be rather unjust, it has had a profound impact on how we view the world today. As American colonies were becoming more established in America, English settlers begun to produce cash crops and other agricultural goods. However, as more and more of these agricultural goods were being produce, laborers also grew more in demand. In the beginning, many of the colonies established plantations. With these plantations, many owners would need a large abundance of laborers and workers. Although indentured servitude was prominent, it was not simply cutting it. As a result, many British colonists traveled to Africa and Haiti, as a means of collecting slaves. Held against their own will, many of these slaves were loaded on to large and crowded ships. Many of which, contained famine, and made many passengers susceptible to starvation. The idea of slavery, was supposed to benefit the British economy, as well as other European nations. The Dutch also had a profound impact on the slave trade, as many of their colonies were based in North America. Upon arriving to America, many slaves would wonder why they were being held captive. As they arrived to the Americas, slaves were often fed a hearty and oiled up, in order to look more appealing at auction. After they were sold, many of these slaves were transported to various colonies. As slavery was still relevant in North America, many slaves wereShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The World War II1408 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Second World War in great detail. The European and Pacific Theaters were the main focus of many historians and their writing, because war pertained to the audience of the time. WWII revolved around the idea of freedom and liberating the fascist governments of Europe, the homefront back in the states was the war machine that kept the war churning. Millions o f pages have been written about the experiences and battles during WWII, and still continue, not much in the way of the American homefrontRead MoreOrder 1466 US Domestic Issues And The World Late 19th Early 20th Century744 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: US domestic issues and the world (late 19th-early 20th century) Introduction America has a very rich history when it comes to domestic policies, socioeconomic conditions and culture. The domestic policies, socioeconomics conditions and culture affect all aspect of American peoples’ lives. They shape and define the people identity. However, as world progressed these factors of life began to change taking the modernity culture and some of them began taking differentRead MoreThe Great Lakes Region By Richard White1366 Words   |  6 PagesRichard White provides a refreshing perspective on the Great Lakes region during the colonial and early national periods in regards to the developing relationships between the intrusive French, British, Americans and the indigenous Native Americans. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires and Republics in the Great Lakes Region effectively links Native American history to broader themes in American history. He presents a convincing argument of how the Middle Ground, a place the French called the pays d’enRead MoreA Voyage Long And Strange : On The Trail Of Vikings, Lost Colonists1141 Words   |  5 PagesIn the opening pages of A Voyage Long and Strange: On the Trail of Vikings, Lost Colonists, and Other Adventurers in Early America, the author, Tony Horwitz, conveys: What would it be like to explore this New World, not only in books but on the ground? To take a pilgrimage through early America that ended at Plymouth Rock instead of beginning there? To make landfall where the first Europeans had, meet the Naturals, mine the past, and map its memory in the present? To rediscover my native land, theRead MoreThe North End Of Boston1317 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants were thought to be the problem. That is why Danny in the novel is set to investigate the North End of Boston as the waves of Italian immigrants were seens as some of the main terrorists. This was also true in reality. In the early nineteen twenties there is the infamous trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. These two men were reported of killing employees of a shoe factory. They were in fact both Italian Immigrants and socialist. The fact they were socialists created a strongRead MoreDiscussion Board 41230 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe the nature of the early African-European contact. At first, the relations between the Europeans and Africans centered primarily on the trade of items such as gold, ivory, cloth and guns. Then things took a turn for the worse when trade turned to from gold, ivory, cloth and guns to humans. What is meant by enslavement? Enslavements is the making slaves of your captives or forcibly dispossessing an owner of property (people). How did the plantation system make slavery a lucrativeRead MoreJazz Influences on the 20th Century1158 Words   |  5 PagesCentury Jazz is considered one of the most influential types of music in American history. Some of the greatest artists in the world have contributed to the success jazz has had not only on American history, but throughout the world. Jazz music has come to serve as the base of many music styles in the United States. This paper will explain the history of jazz, where it all came from, and the effect it has had on the American culture in the 20th century. To start off, Meltingpot.fortuecityRead MoreThomas Jefferson And His Influence On American History967 Words   |  4 Pagesin American history, whose influences impacted our early society so much that they are credited with the title of a founding father. One of whom, had much direct impact on our early American societies. Thomas Jefferson, an early American founding father, is credited to have had much influence on what shaped our early American society, and what would go on to eventually become the bases of our modern American way of life. â€Å"Jefferson is best known as the leading classical liberal in American historyRead MoreImages Of America The European Writers902 Words   |  4 Pages Native Americans had experienced almost a century of adversarial and friendly contact with Europeans (Lansford, Tom, and Thomas 2). Their cultural heritage lay behind them on the North Atlantic Ocean. The culture, geography, and climate of Massachusetts and Virginia had little res emblance to West Indies and Mexico. By the time the settlers arrived; colonial cruelty and depredations of disease in the southern lands were of the past. Equally significant to American literature and history, Native AmericansRead MoreAmerica s Founding Of The United States Of America933 Words   |  4 Pagesunique place called the United States of America. This story may include the early Jamestown colony and puritan colonists, and at times deal with the depollution and dispossession of the America’s native inhabitants. However frequently the complex nature of America’s prerevolutionary era is left out. Daniel Richter offers a refreshing non-teleological revision by showing that the United States has a much deeper history. Richter presents America as a nation with multiple pasts that stretch back as

Mass Media s Influence On The Development Of Aggressive...

Mass Media Violence The advent of mass media, and its various forms such as television, computer and video games means that people, and especially children and teenagers, are increasingly being exposed to higher doses violent and aggressive content. In many nations across the world, television showcases approximately four acts of violent behavior per hour and this is even much more elevated when it comes to video and computer games. Since majority of children spend most of their time in front of the television or playing video and computer games, these types of media play a dominant and significant role in the lives and may greatly impact on the development of aggressive behavior. Thus, despite other environmental and economic factors†¦show more content†¦To better understand the concept of aggravated assault, it is important to first distinguish it from simple assault. Simple assault is a threat or a mere willful attempt to inflict injury to another parson. Therefore, an in dividual might commit simple assault without necessarily striking, touching, or harming the other person’s body. Injury or bodily harm in simple assault should not cause disability or severe physical harm. Thus, the degree of force necessary in simple assault could be anything from a slap or a shove to slightly lower that the great bodily harm that is needed to distinguish aggravated assault (Hess, Orthmann, Cho, 2016). Therefore, based on the severity of aggravated assault, it is punished more severely than simple assault. Can you describe some of the instances that might amount to aggravated assault? Aggravated assault manifests itself in four different levels. When the act is committed with premediated and intentional malice to commit serious bodily injury, then it amounts to first degree aggravated assault. Second degree aggravated assault occurs when the act was committed without intent of premeditation while third and fourth degree aggravated assault entails attempts t o cause significant rather than serious bodily harm as in the case of fist fights. However, the charges for all these types of aggravated assault are pretty high. The penaltiesShow MoreRelatedMass Media Is An Integral Part Of Everyday Life989 Words   |  4 PagesMass media is an integral part of everyday life. Society depends on the various forms of media for information, education, and personal entertainment. Mass media positively and negatively influences beliefs, values, and expands knowledge to bring awareness to various social events. Media also impacts the way children and adolescences understanding of violence, racism, suicide, aggression, and sexual stereotyping. If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negativelyRead MoreMass Media And Its Effect On Our Lives1286 Words   |  6 Pagessays, â€Å"Decades of study of media influence have shown one thing: the public’s awareness of and interest in a topic is directly related to the am ount of attention that topic receives in the media. In other words, the mass media affect what subjects people think about. However, it has not been shown that the media influence just how people think about these topics† (Mass Media). Have you ever wondered how much mass media can affect your life without knowing it? Mass media are not only important becauseRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Media On Youth And Society1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media on the Youth and Society Nowadays, the issue of mass media has caused much debate in the modern society, as well as mass media is becoming more important as a component that negatively affects the behavior of young people. There are many other factors, such as micro-environment, economic instability, the decline of moral values affecting children and young people and encourage them to commit unlawful acts. However, unlimited access to the Internet, mobile phone use in theRead MoreViolent Media And The Aggressive Generation1116 Words   |  5 PagesMatthew Taylor Ms. Cowburn AP Language 12 June 2017 Violent Media and The Aggressive Generation It Has Established The creation of visual and active forms of media has caused debate and discussion over the effects it has on the brain. The effects of media on the brain are of concern regarding children specifically, as their minds are still developing. Questions of the severity and impact have intrigued parents, scientists, and lawmakers. The first committee on this issue, the Surgeon GeneralsRead MoreThe Effects Of Rap Music On Social Behavior Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagestoday, it is highly noticed that the role of rap music messages and video images of violence causes an increase in negative emotions, thoughts and behaviors which could lead to violence amongst youth. Rap music has been at the center of concern in regards to the potential harmful effect of violent media on social behavior amongst youth. This potential behavior could be seen in the music video titled â€Å"Kim† by Eminem. In this music video, the storyline, language and sound encourages hostile thoughts andRead MoreMedi a s Influence On Our Attitudes And Behavior Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesIn our society, the mass media have enormous influence on our attitudes and behavior, and what we see shapes our views and our living. In the 21st century, children are digital consumers, who using TV, computers, gaming systems, as well as smartphones and tablets. Once the baby enters the world he or she is surrounded by media devices. The average American child, age 2-17, watches 25 hours of TV per week, plays 1 hr per day of video or computer games, and spends an additional 36 min per day on theRead More The Negative Impact of Exposing Children to Media Violence Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Impact of Exposing Children to Media Violence On April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, 13 people were killed and another 23 were wounded in one of the worst school killing incidents ever (Skeesis). Since the 1980s, overall homicide rates in the U.S. have declined. However, homicide rates for ages 14-17 have increased quite dramatically during this time period (Fox). Among other numerous potential causes, violence in the media may play a role in this increase in youth violenceRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Child Development1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past decades, at an alarming rate in the United States. The top three leading causes between adolescent and youths are unintentional injury (accidents), homicide and suicide according to the World Health Organization. Media and entertainment play a huge part in child development, as technology has seemed to overpower today’s generation. Nearly, forty percent of the human populations have access to an Internet connection at home via any device type and connection, when i n 1995; it was less than oneRead MoreHow Children Acquire Aggressive Reponses649 Words   |  3 PagesChildhood Aggression Many studies found frustration, various drugs, beliefs, traits and provocation are some influences that effect childhood aggression. Archer (1991) concentrated on biological influence such as norepinephrine, serotonin, cortisol and testosterone. This brief will focus on several theories that elevate aggression and can be positively modified by family and environment. Aggression was defined by Volavka Citrome (1999) as, a physical behaviour that causes psychological or physicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Children And Young People1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthis incident the deadliest mass shooting at a high school or grade school in U.S. history. It may seem ridiculous to think that this was derived from video games. The Daily News reported that Lanza had many video games in his house promoting mass murder, school shootings, and gun violence, which police believed helped to inspire Lanza’s, â€Å"sick, game-style high score†. The release of this evidence contri buted to a continuing debate on the extent of the effects of media on children and young people

The Vampire Is The Pure Essence Of Freud s Theory Of...

or pain; the very idea of the vampire is the pure essence of Freud’s theory of Thanatos. Dracula represents the very depth of all of death’s depravities while still retaining the human recognition and resentment for all of the bloodshed that he is responsible for. Within the film it is revealed that Dracula used his dark abilities to kill many in horrible ways and even drive men insane as he feeds into their desires of death and destruction. The atrocities he commits range from torture to the murder of not only men but women and children as well. The added blood and gore within the death scenes of the film are enough to satiate any blood loving horror enthusiast. Which only adds to the conclusion that people find other outlets to feed the darker instincts that they are unable to fulfill. What is it about the undead that has always peaked the interest of mankind since its conception? Romance novels, teen films and a plethora of television sitcoms all convey the same theme of humans falling in love with the undead. This may in fact tie into mankind’s primal nature; the over sexualized versions of these once horrifying creatures clash both the Eros and Thanatos instincts together in such a way that we perceive these creatures, who at one point in history symbolized death, as tragically romantic figures. Because of these Hollywood misconceptions and representations of the â€Å"heart throb† vampire, the life instinct or Eros instinct which as Freud mentions in his essay is powered

Diversity Action Plan free essay sample

Within every culture, exists subcultures. These groups are people whose familiar heritage is from somewhere else, but they were born and raised among the people of their culture in a new land. FedEx sees this as an advantage, because their customers are from different backgrounds and they have to show this in their workforce. Since this is a worldwide organization, and they have deliveries that reflect this, they have to make sure that each site reflects the cultural diversity of the organization. Diversity Groups At FedEx, the commitment to diversity goes far beyond mere words. The company puts their values into action every day, supporting groups whose programs benefit the employees and suppliers of FedEx, along with the communities served. Affinity Groups The purpose of these groups is to promote cultural awareness, education, and information regarding these cultures at FedEx to ensure inclusion of all employees. Each network group operates as a separate entity, features a chairperson and other group officer positions as needed, and meets monthly and sponsors/co-sponsors at least one corporate diversity forum with CCA annually(FedEx Diversity Plan, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity Action Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This information is accessible to all employees via the company’s intranet. In addition to the affinity groups and meetings, FedEx leadership communicates the importance of diversity information via emails, the company’s website, and a quarterly diversity newsletter. These groups include: The Asian Network Group The African-American Network Group The Hispanic Network Group The Women’s Network Group FedEx Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT), and Friends Network Opportunities Perceptions of life may take a little effort. However, one of the best ways to promote a ealthy respect for different opinions in the office and generate new ideas. Diversity can create both problems and opportunities. Possible problems include a lack of understanding of inter personal skills. Leadership and managers being out of touch and inexperienced and lacking of appreciation for difference in cultures. Diversity in a group of people refers to differences in their demographic chara cteristics, cultural identities and ethnicity, and training and expertise. Diversity leads to better performance because diverse perspectives will add a creative rim (Hamilton, Nickerson. Owan, 2004).

Becoming Overly Dependent on Technology Essay Example

Becoming Overly Dependent on Technology Paper The thought of how much technology people use on a daily basis can be frightening as one contemplates. From waking up to our alarm clock to going to sleep with the air conditioner on we are constantly using technology. The age we live in is known as the age of technology and the age of â€Å"progress†. Without a doubt, technology has made living much easier as an individual and as a society. Cars, trains, buses, and planes with air conditioning and the speed of a hundred horses has made traveling under any weather condition extremely convenient; so saying technology has not benefited people would be unrealistic. However, with all these benefits and almost every task involving the use of technology the question arises, have people become overly dependent on technology? There is a difference between being dependent on something, and being overly dependent on something. Just being dependent on something could mean that there is a chance that if it was gone then it would cause the person no harm, but when someone is too dependent on something, then the disappearance of the independent would harm the person. In my opinion people have definitely become overly dependent on technology because of many reason. Much of my evidence presented are articles written, surveys conducted, and personal experiences that I have had. Articles have been written and surveys have been conducted to find out how dependent people are on technology. I am going to present quotes and evidences from articles and literature that explain how technology has grown in peoples lives and has taken over. Chanie Kirschner presents some very interesting points on how people are overly dependent on technology in an article written less than a year ago; one of which is â€Å"when the internet is down, work is over for the day† this is true to a great extent (Mobile). Schools have let students out early because the power was out and no work could be done. We will write a custom essay sample on Becoming Overly Dependent on Technology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Becoming Overly Dependent on Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Becoming Overly Dependent on Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second point is that ?

The validity of Thucydides arguments in explaining the actions of Athens in the war

The validity of Thucydides arguments in explaining the actions of Athens in the war The History compiled by Thucydides as the former Athenian general who was accused of losing some of the battles and exiled from his native country remains the main source of historical records on the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens accompanied with their allies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The validity of Thucydides’ arguments in explaining the actions of Athens in the war specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though the manner of the presentation the historical data by Thucydides is affected by his Athenian background, his attempts to make his works objective allow the modern historians to evaluate the validity of the arguments provided by the various sides in the Mutilenian debate and the Melian dialogue regardless of the author’s personal views of them. The Mytilenian debate taking place in Athens in 427 BC was focused on choosing the punishment for the revolt in the city-state of Mytilene located on the island of Lesbos. The two contradicting argumentation lines discussed by Thucydides were presented by Cleon who insisted on putting all the Mytilenian adult male population to death and Diodotus who claimed that it would be unwise and offered softer measures (Freeman 1999, 206). Though the Diodotus’ offer was supported by the Athenians, the final remark made by Thucydides concerning the Mytilenians’ escape demonstrates that the historian did not entirely agree with the final solution (Thucydides 2011, 10). Regardless of Thucydides’ claim that his representation of the historical data was unbiased due to his exile, certain moment in his works unveil his prior involvement into the events and a definite position concerning the Athens choices and implemented war strategies. The historian provides a detailed description of the Cleon’s argumentation line (Bolotin 1987, 22). The main arguments outlined by Cleon included the criticism of the debat e in general which resulted in the delay of the punishment for the revolt. Moreover, this speaker claimed that the minor procrastination was to the benefit of the guilty party (Thucydides 2011, 6). Another Cleon’s argument concerned the underlying causes of the Mytilenian revolt. Cleon noted that it was not even a revolt but rather planned aggression which had to be punished respectively (Freeman 1999, 206). Cleon continued that the soft punishment of the Mytilenian population will result in negative implications from the side of the rest of the Athenians’ allies. Cleon’s argument was that the failure to punish the planned and aggressive revolt can cause the growth of revolts in other allies which would not be afraid to doubt the authority of Athens. In general, summing Cleon’s major arguments up, it can be stated that the speaker’s main claim is that the death penalty is the only possible punishment for the revolt of the ally (Bury Meiggs 1975, 2 61).Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To emphasize the importance of supporting his motion, Cleon even goes as far as raising the questions of Athens’ strategies in general, admitting that softening the punishment for Mytilenians would mean justifying them, whereas justifying them would imply disapproval of the Athenians’ power and implied strategies in general. As to the argumentation line developed by Diodotus, it should be noted that it was not only more humane, but also more persuasive which resulted in the public approval (Ehrenberg 1973, 367). The major arguments of this speaker were addressing Cleon’s points with the aim of proving the inappropriateness of Cleon’s method to the wide audience. Diodotus’ argumentation line was based upon the assumption that killing the innocent population would not only keep all the allies in fear , but also show them that their condition is desperate which can result in more accurate preparations of their future revolts (Thucydides 2011, 9). Thus, in contrast to Cleon’s argumentation line which was limited with the assumption that the utmost severity is the only possible way of establishing authority, Diodotus obtained a wider view of the possible consequences of implementing the unjust punishment for Mytilenians. Analyzing Cleon’s arguments from a modern perspective, it can be stated that the he as an orator used specific techniques intended to increase the persuasiveness of his speech, whereas most of his arguments can be defined as invalid. There are even particular logical fallacies which can be found in Cleon’s speech, such as the established links between not killing the peaceful population which was not involved into the revolt and the possible revolts in other allies threatening Athenians’ authority in general. As to Diodotus’ argum ents, these were much more valid and it is significant that it was the strategy adopted by the majority. The Melian dialogue dated back to 416/5 BC concerned the submission to the Athenian empire of the island of Melos which was traditionally recognized as one of the Spartan allies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The validity of Thucydides’ arguments in explaining the actions of Athens in the war specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regardless of Thucydides’ claim of making the representation of the historical data in is works objective and unbiased, through the analysis of the separate episodes of this dialogue and the chosen argumentation line, the historian’s Athenian background becomes obvious (Murray 1986, 196). In Fine (1983: 490), it was noted that reproducing the Melian dialogue, Thucydides seems to accept the Athenians’ arguments concerning the moral bleakness as the only possible p attern of interstate relations as axioms. The claim that justice is possible only between the equals, while the more powerful states are free to use their might whenever they would like to, is obviously invalid, but blindly accepted by the historian. Not expressing any shades of attitudes directly, Thucydides constructs the dialogue according to his personal priorities. Thus, the largest part of the dialogue is devoted to the argument of the Athenian spokesmen, whereas the assumptions of the Melian leaders are brief though much more valid. The main argument of the Athenian spokesmen concerns the doctrine based on the domination of the stronger state as the only possible doctrine. Thus, proclaiming the principles of democracy inside of their state, Athens rejected the mere possibility of establishing the relationships of equality with their allies. Recognizing their power, Athens do not agree to the offer made by Melians that the island Melos should be on friendly terms with Athens b ut should not be an enemy to any of the sides in the Peloponnesian war (Thucydides 2011, 15). Thus, due to the invalidity of the Athenians’ spokesmen and their unwillingness to listen to consider the assumptions of their opponents made the Melian dialogue ineffective. After the end of the negotiations, neither of the sides changed its position and it can be stated that it was rather the exchange of speeches between the Melian and Athenian leaders, whereas nobody considered the assumption of the opposite side and was not going to reach a compromise. Regardless of the fact that Thucydides’ representation of the historical data still contains certain signs of his personal bias, it can be stated that the historian’s attempts to make his works objective were rather successful, allowing the contemporary critiques to evaluate the validity of the arguments provided by the various sides of the dialogues. Conclusion In general it can be concluded, that disregarding Thucyd ides’s acceptance of the Athenians’ arguments as undeniable axioms, modern critiques can adequately evaluated the invalidity of Cleon’s claims in the Mytilenian debate and the assertions made by the Athenian spokesmen in the Melian dialogue. Reference List Bolotin, D. 1987. â€Å"Thucydides†. In L. Strauss J. Cropsey (eds.) History of political philosophy (pp. 7-32). 3rd edition. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bury, J.B. Meiggs, R. 1975. A history of Greece, to the death of Alexander the Great. 4th edition. (1st edition, 1900.) Basingstoke London: Macmillan. Ehrenberg, V. 1973. From Solon to Socrates. Greek history and civilisation during the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. 2nd edition. London: Methuen. Fine, J. V. A. 1983. The ancient Greeks: A Critical history. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Pp. 470-74, 490-91. Freeman, C. 1999. The Greek achievement: The foundation of the western world. London: Penguin. Pp. 2-3, 206-7. Murray, O. 1986. â€Å"Greek Historians† (Chapter 8). In J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray (Eds.) The Oxford history of the classical world. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 195-97 Thucydides. 2011. History of the Peloponnesian war extracts. Melbourne: Trinity College Foundation Studies.

Women of Troy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women of Troy - Research Paper Example The tragedy experienced in this play is one of a kind and perfectly blended to break even the coldest of hearts and melt them as butter melts before a hot iron. Euripides takes time to curve out the tragedy from the mythical Greek legends and out of it comes a masterpiece that can only be compared with Homer’s Iliad, verses from Sophocles and also Aeschlylus. It has been a Greek thing to write beautiful stories of heroes and gods but nothing beats the Greeks at bringing out emotions in people as such with tragedies. In as much as most of the former plays of those times used unskilled performers and actors, the Grecian playwrights such as Homer still drove the point home by employing numerous theatrical techniques to keep their audience satisfied and entertained (Kirk, 20). At the onset of the events of that led to the Trojan War, Athena, Hera and Aphrodite are seen to fight over the rights of the fairest of them all. Zeus, the king of all gods, send the three goddesses to the Trojan prince Paris who then chooses Aphrodite and in return she makes Helen the fairest of women in Sparta winning the heart of Paris, and what follows next is one of the epic battles to ever go down in the Grecian history and history of the world. It is from this epic battle that we get to learn of the Trojan women and their plights before and after the war. Hecuba, the queen of Troy, wife to Priam and mother to Hector and Paris, is the first one to enter the stage full of grief and lamenting for the deaths of his two sons and husband and the fall of Troy. Later on, after the news from the Grecian herald of woe Talthybius, enters the cursed Cassandra with the ability to foresee the future but otherwise incapable of wooing her adversaries to believe her and she later ends up dyi ng in the house of her Greek Patron. Then enters Andromache full of tears for her dead husband Hector and soon after her son is killed by

Inmates perspective Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inmates perspective Law - Research Paper Example This essay focuses mainly on the features like the challenges in the prison, causes for violence with a detailed discussion of the constitutional rights entitled by the inmate prisoners. Life Inside the Prison As the number of crime increases with the technology in its growth, a number of sophisticated crimes is reported very frequently whose punishment is often awarded with the confinement in isolated unitary cells for round the clock locking up. Real stories of the prisons reveal the hardships of the prisoner s in the super-maximum security centers with the real-life effect of a mythological hell. A majority of the prisons were meant for inflicting sensory deprivation on the inmates. They were locked up for the whole day within a congested cage with a direct exposure to direct lights and unpleasant noises causing acute levels of sleep deprivation. As Kamel and Kerness (2003) point out, most of this isolation was constituted as a result of the situation of life threat to the prisone rs as expected by the jail authorities. Apart from the peripheral woes of isolated prisoners, a large number of prisoners are subject to physical and mental harassment of the organized groups of existing prisoners who largely target on political prisoners. In some other cases, there are serious threats of violent behavior from gangster prisoners who target new inmates for assault. Gruesome incidents of sexual abuse of female prisoners and homosexual harassment of young male prisoners are common miseries apart from the routine torture at dining halls and bathrooms of American prisons. Many a prisoner complains about the cruelty of the jail guard using mechanical and electrical devices for torture, beating and shackling in painful positions and sleep deprivation. Many of such extreme tortures results in deaths or at least permanent disfiguration or physical disability. Amidst the strict laws of regulation of constitutional ways of the punishment with guaranteed rights to the inmate pr isoners, prisons are filled with various negative elements that badly affect the lives of inmate owing much to the lenience of the jail authorities. Overcrowding in Prisons Increased number of reported crimes is the indicator for the excessive influx of the prisoners in recent years. The government is ignorant about the fact that the prison supervision and healthy lives of prisoners cannot be guaranteed if the prisons are overcrowded. The impact of this scenario is intensive as the prisoners are deprived of their constitutional rights of health and sanitation, and in most of the cases, their lives are at stake as the supervisory authorities do not maintain a strict control of discipline among violent inmates. â€Å"Overcrowding directly affects prisoners’ mental and physical health by increasing the level of uncertainty with which they regularly must cope† (Prison Overcrowding, p.3). A continuous exposure to unpleasant situations results in aggravated demoralization am ong the target groups inside the prison. Moreover, overcrowded situations inside the prison account for the imposition of cognitive and emotional strain on them. Repeated sessions of heavy physical strains of performing the tasks assigned by the authorities as well as the deprivations of their rights accumulate frustration among them. As such, even a minute case of

Ecologically Sustainable Development In Australia Environmental Sciences Essay

Ecologically Sustainable Development In Australia Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction The realities of Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) are emerging issues that are impacting on commercial property sector worldwide. The world today uses ample of natural resources which radically polluting the earth and destroying the natural environment. Over the past decade, green buildings and ecological sustainability began rising throughout the world.], and have emerged in the Australian property sector as a vigorous movement to create high-performance as a sustainable investment. One of the earliest general definitions of sustainability was adopted in 1987 by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), which defined Sustainable Development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs (Muldavin 2010). Australian property sector is obliged to play a major role in meeting the ecological sustainability which improves occupants comfort and well-being. It als o minimizes environmental impacts whilst gives a good investment returns. The Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) was formed to highlight the principles and practices of ecological sustainability through the Green Star Rating System. Kato et al. (2009) demonstrated that investors appetite is on the rise in which the sustainability is now set to become much more rampant in the property sector. Researchers have showcased those properties with a five-star National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS) accreditation is expected to have an increased value up to 9 per cent whilst Green Star ratings accredited to a premium of up to 12 per cent. It also illustrates that energy efficient buildings leads to occupancy, sale price and rental premium. According to Beder (1996), sustainable investment has an increased significance in the property sector among all the relevant stakeholders to help save the environment, increases property values and ensures the economic growth to be continued in the future. Hence, it is vital to incorporate green features because it has great investment benefits gives an opportunity to use the resources effectively and efficiently while generating healthier and improved environment s for its occupants to live in over the entire life cycle of the building (Choi 2009). The evolution of Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) in Australia The concept of sustainable development has been evolved primarily with the establishment of Our Common Future report which is published by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WECD). The report, constituted as an important turning point for the concept of sustainable development which is comprehensively produced with partnership forged around the global. The report has been the catalyst for the evolution of the other conceptualization efforts. The chronology of sustainable development in Australia proximately relates to the evolution of the sustainable development at the international level. The policy statement on the environment entitled has been released by then Prime Minister following the release of the Brundtland report. This release began the Commonwealth Governments process of adapting the concepts of sustainable development for Australian conditions (Fisheries Management Paper 2002). To emphasize the importance of the environment in sustainable development, the Australian government adopted the term Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) to make sure that there is a balanced approach to dealing with economic, social and environmental issues. In 1990, the release of Ecologically Sustainable Development: A Commonwealth Discussion Paper and the formation of nine ESD Working Groups has further established the concepts, definition and principles of ESD. Thus, the National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development or NSESD has been established with the development of the reports from these groups, along with deliberation of the relevant international plans and reports. Today, NSESD is still being the major policy document for sustainable development in Australia. The NSESD, which was endorsed by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in 1992, includes the official definition of ESD, a set of core objectives and a number of guiding principles. The related regulations are NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979, NSW Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991, The NSW Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997, The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), The Natural Heritage Trust of Australia Act 1997, and The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The definition listed in the strategy is that, ESD is development which aims to meet the needs of Australians today, while conserving our ecosystems for the benefit of future generations. In fact, the NSESD itself fulfils Australias obligation entered into in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 to implement Agenda 21 which has been the basis for the policy making (Fisheries Management Paper 2002). Each action implemented by Environment Australia was closely related the same basis as the NSESD and the COAG were from courses of action that aim to protect forests, the ocean, water, biological diversity and a greenhouse strategy. Australias policies were based on international strategies based from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit in which Australia through the federal government led by John Howard at the time was a signatory. The Green Building Rating Tools The Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) launched the Green Star rating system for buildings in 2003. The Green Building rating tool is an important attribute of the GBCA, as it helps the building occupants, owners and investors to monitor and measure the sustainability and environmental impact of their buildings, hence to improve the buildings performance toward ecological sustainability. It leads the property sector to achieve real cost savings, improve occupant health and productivity, showcase innovation in sustainable building practices and reduce the environmental impact of buildings. Green Building rating system uses stars to rate the environmental performance of a building. Green Star is a comprehensive, national, voluntary environmental rating system that evaluates the environmental design and construction of buildings. Green Star was developed to set a standard of measurement for green buildings. Also, it promotes integrated, whole-building design, recognize environmental leadership, identify building life-cycle impacts and raise awareness of green building benefits. Buildings are evaluated based on nine environmental impact categories. The nine categories of Green Star Rating Tools are; Management, Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ), Energy, Transport, Water, Materials, Land Use Ecology, Emissions and Innovation. Within each category, points are awarded for buildings that have met the overall objectives of Green Star. The implications of Green Buildings in Property Investment Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) has been a paradigm favourable change towards green buildings practices in context of property investment, becoming progressively more prominent with each passing year since late 1990s. The Property Council of Australia and the Australian Property Institute are recently giving more importance to Ecologically Sustainable Development and Green building concepts and practices. Many well-establishes principles of ESD have been embraced in Australian Federal and State Government Legislation for a number of years now. The Property Investment sector has been showing a balanced concern towards the environment where they live, work and play, placing a balanced value to the well-being and integrity of the ecological system and the environment on top of the economic well-being, health, education, law and order, infrastructure. The Property Investment sector has been continually shifting towards sustainable development. This shift towards sustainability is due to the drives for profits and also building an image for the property sector. There are many implications in embracing the concept of green buildings in the context of property investment. These are some of the most prominent implications for the operational functions, both now and in the future. With the green building practices, there is a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and reduction in wastage of valuable scarce resources such air, water and energy in the usage of commercial buildings thus provides greater recyclable usage. Also, it gives a reduction in polluting activity and toxicity levels, pertaining particularly to the use and management of industrial buildings. This is because there is a need for a greater emphasis on eco-friendly over the full life-cycle of commercial buildings and a need for greater energy efficiency in general, where commercial buildings are concerned. Besides, there is a change over from old-fashioned, highly polluting-based fuel and energy sources, to newer, cleaner, more eco-friendly and eco-efficient alternatives such as solar-based, wind-based and hydrogen-based sources. Green buildings are inexpensive to operate as they are built for water efficiency and high energy. There is a reduction in operating cost as they can save up to 20-30% of energy savings compared with industry standards. Green buildings delivers a higher return on investment and have a greater tenant attraction where it provides a healthy, environmental friendly and productive workplace that shows their obligation to corporate social responsibility. There is an enhanced marketability as green buildings have many prospective tenants in the waiting list. Green buildings have a greater comfort and productivity compared to non-green buildings in terms of fresh air, access of views of outdoors, natural light and has the control on individual workplace lighting and t emperature which directly affects the productivity. Moreover, green buildings have a reduced risk and liability. In addition, it gives a competitive advantage, command higher capital values with shorter vacant periods, slower depreciation, ultimately trading at a rental premium. Overall, as demand increases for ecological sustainability, it is seen as a more secure investment as shown by vacancies in green buildings as it offers better investment returns. Conclusions In respect to all of the ecologically sustainable development (ESD)-related legislation and the principles and practice of green buildings which has been adopted in Australia, it is now clear that buildings take responsibility in providing comfortable, safe, and prospective living or working environment for its occupants. This is because; comfort, productivity, functionality and energy efficiency are essential elements for ESD, not only for future generations, but also a necessity for current generations. Crook (2001) indicates that the term sustainability must embrace environmental, economic and as well as the social objectives. In the recent years, green buildings have captured serious attention and awareness. The current demand shows that a trend favoring green buildings are moving like hotcakes compared to those buildings that are not in terms with the principles and practice of ecological sustainability. Robinson (2008) states that getting a green rating is certainly an intelligent option in the context of Property Investment. In the rush to draw in environmentally conscious tenants, many building are promoting their green star certificates, often with no understandings of the green star rating system, how they work and what are the actual implications does the concept of green buildings have (Carter et al. 2007). The industry first of all needs to educate itself on the true meaning of Green and Ecological Sustainability. Developers and architects tries to create buildings or structures that are deemed to be iconic, but the new trend is for this status to be conferred by innovative design or sustainability rather than sheer size, as very tall buildings approach their use by date. According to Gomez (2006), green buildings have higher relative investment returns, higher market value for asset, increased productivity, higher rents and marketing advantage. Integrating Green building features into the construction of a building promises a good investment. However, further studies highlighting areas of perceived deficiency and flaws in green buildings and a more targeted effort in meeting the needs and expectations of investors in terms of workplace satisfaction, and areas that require specific attention in transitioning to green buildings are important. Ecological sustainability goals are possible to achieve but at a cost that involves a large amount of research, funds and commitment. Despite further study and data limitations and, the findings of this report concludes that building green is considered to be of great importance within the Property Investment sector because the growth and development of our communities has a large impact on our natural environment over the entire life cycle of the building.

The Experience Of The War In Korea Essay examples -- Personal Narrativ

The Experience Of The War In Korea The Korean War was a trying time for America. The nation was getting involved in a war that had little or no possibility of a fortunate outcome. The Korean people were divided among how the country should be run. A uniform system of government looked like it may never come to be. In order to protect one of its vital interests as well as to prove to the rest of the world that America didn’t stand for communism, the United States began taking up arms. The war would prove a most difficult task to achieve successfully. In fact, it was almost impossible to continue fighting what seemed to be far from a worthy sacrifice of American lives. It was January 10, 1950 when Robert Marrara of Arthurdale, WV, among thousands of other men, were drafted and sent to California for basic training. Robert is 5’9" tall with wavy, silver hair and a structure that shows just how strong of a man he is for being 72 years old. Of Italian descent his parents immigrated here and he was one of several children. They lived in poverty, as most of America did, through the thick of the Great Depression. He attended electrical school after college didn’t seem right for him. He is a genius by all standards but is far too modest to admit it. His experiences are enough to fill days full of stories and the personal interview he gave was a treat. Robert recalls how difficult coping with the situation in Korea was, but also how he welcomed the challenge: "It was tough and, you know, but I really, I have to say that I did enjoy being, because my knowledge was – my previous training before I got in the army – was the very thing I needed to do the job I was assigned to do. And because I could do it in such a good way – and you ... ... a  ¾ inch electric drill and I took a crank with me and I made a shaft for that drill so that it could drive that engine and start those engines with that electric drill and that 20 minutes or 25 minutes after I got back over to the quartermaster, I had all them engines running with that electric drill. From that time on, during the whole summer and fall when they had ice and ice cream I got it delivered to my tent. They delivered me ice two times a week and they’d deliver ice cream one time a week. A three-gallon can for my carburetor-ignition repair section." Throughout the interview Robert emphasized the value of his work during the war just as he values the war effort itself. Overall, those who died did so for a worthy cause (Marrara, Personal Interview). America backed its promises to defend South Korea, even though the effort could be viewed as ill decided.

What is the Election Procedure in India?

An election is a contest between different candidates from various parties out of which the voters elect one as their representative. There may also be independent candidates taking part in the election. There are following stages in the electoral process (procedure): (a) Delimitation of constituencies: First of all the entire area-the whole country in the case of Lok Sabha elections and of that particular State in the case of Legislative Assembly elections-is divided into as many constituencies as there are seats. (b) Preparation of voters' list: After the demarcation of constituency, the voters' list of each constituency is prepared and published. (c) Filing of nomination papers: The dates of election, filing of nomination papers and withdrawals are fixed by the Election Commission. Any person, who wants to fight the election, can file his nomination papers by the due date. His name must be there in the voters' list and he should be eligible to fight election. His name should be proposed and seconded by the voters of that Constituency. Every candidate has to deposit some security along with his nomination papers. d) Scrutiny of nomination papers and withdrawals: A date is fixed for the scrutiny of all the nomination papers. If the nomination papers of any candidate are found to be not in order, they are rejected. The candidates can also withdraw their names from elections upto a certain date fixed by the Election Commission. (e) Election campaign: The next stage in the election is the election campaign by various candidates and political parties. Posters are distributed, meetings are held and speeches are delivered. Processions are also taken out and sometimes use of Radio and Television is also made. Through all these means voters are requested for votes. The election campaign normally ends 48 hours before the election. Although every political party and candidate are free to do their election campaign yet according to our election laws no party or candidate can (i) bribe or threaten the voters. (ii) appeal to the voters in the name of caste or religion. (iii) use government resources for election campaign. (iv) spend more than 25 lakhs for a Lok Sabha Election and Rs. 0 lakh for an Assembly Election. In case they indulge in any of the above practices their election can be annulled by the court even after they have been duly elected. (f) Model code of conduct: In addition to the laws, all the political parties in the country have agreed to a model code of conduct for the election campaign. This includes: (i) Any place of worship shall not be used for election propaganda. (ii) Criticism of the opposing candidates shall be limited to their policies and programmes past record of public service and not mention of their private personal lives. iii) The government official transport like car, vehicles, machinery and aircraft and personnel shall not be used by government officials or ministers. (iv) No posters, pamphlets or notice, slogans shall be placed on any building without the permission of the owner. (v) Any minister shall not lay down foundation stones of any project, make appointments and transfer of officials or make any promises for providing public facilities after the elections have been announced. (g) Voting: On the date fixed earlier, voting takes place. For voting, election booths are set up. Voters go to the polling booths and cast their votes for the candidates of their choice. Voting is held by secret ballot. These days Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) is used to record votes. EVM has the names of the candidates and their election symbols. The voters have to press the button against the name and symbol of the candidate they wish to vote for. (h) Counting of votes and declaration of result: After the voting is over, the ballot- boxes are sealed and taken to the counting centers. There the ballot boxes are opened before the candidates or their agents and votes are counted under the supervision of the returning officer. A candidate who gets the highest number of votes is declared elected. (i) Election petition: If any candidate feels that the election in his Constituency has not been held properly, or if he has any objection against the result, he can file an election petition in the Court. If the objections raised are found to be correct the court can set aside that election. In that Constituency, the election will be held again.

The Trials And Tribulations Between The March Trilogy...

The Trials and Tribulations between the March Trilogy Books and the Movie Selma As Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, â€Å"The nonviolent approach does not immediately change the heart of the oppressor. It first does something to the hearts and souls of those committed to it. It gives them new self-respect; it calls up resources of strength and courage they did not know they had†. (King) The conflicts met between the Civil Rights Movement protesters and the white people of the South were incredibly gruesome. While peace and equality for African Americans was the driving force of the protests, violence and inhuman resistance was the force of the white people. In the March Trilogy Books, written by John Lewis and Andrew Aydin, and in the†¦show more content†¦Lewis and Hosea Williams led the marchers. As they were walking across the bridge, Williams asked Lewis, â€Å"Can you swim?† (Lewis and Aydin 3:197) as if to insinuate that going over the bridge may b e what was to come, not knowing what they were to face at the end of the bridge. Where a crowd of resisters was waiting for them. Even though the marchers faced violent opposition and met with conflict, they continued their demonstrations. The books and the movie displayed controversy throughout. One example is during the first attempt to cross the bridge, when the marchers were met by the Alabama State Troopers. It went very dark, very quick, as the troopers barged towards them, making this day known as â€Å"Bloody Sunday†, March 7, 1965. When asked for his comments in the movie by the press after the merciless attack on the marchers, King says â€Å"While rageful violence continues towards the unarmed people of Selma, while they are assaulted with tear gas and batons like enemy in a war, no citizen of this country can call themselves blameless, for we all bear a responsibility for our fellow man. I am appealing to men and women of God and goodwill everywhere, white, black and otherwise. If you believe all are created equal, come to Selma. Join us. Join our march against injustice and inhumanity. We need you to stand with us†Show MoreRelatedSelma Book Vs Movie Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesstrength and courage they did not know they had†. (King) The conflicts met between the Civil Rights Movement protesters and the white people of the South were incredibly gruesome. While peace and equality for African Americans was the driving force of the protests, violence and inhuman resistance was the force of the white people. In the March Trilogy Books, written by John Lewis and Andrew Aydin, and in the movie Selma, written by Paul Webb and directed by Ava DuVernay, we are given a glimpseRead MoreGoal Movie Review10720 Words   |  43 Pagestriumph in the heady, heart-pounding world of international football. 1 Directed by Danny Cannon, â€Å"Goal! The Dream Begins† stars up and coming Latino actor Kuno Becker. Some of the hottest representatives from the world of football also appear in the movie, including David Beckham, Zinedine Zidane, Raul, and Newcastle United’s Captain Alan Shearer. Milkshake Films and Buena Vista Pictures International present â€Å"Goal! The Dream Begins† directed by Danny Cannon. The screenplay was written by Dick Clement

Civil Rights And Civil Rights - 850 Words

Alexandra Lebron Professor Miller POS 2041 December 9th, 2017 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Civil rights and civil liberties sound like they mean the same, however, they have very different definitions. As stated in the textbook on page 676, â€Å"to have civil rights means that all rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law†; which means civil rights are our basic rights to freedom. As stated in the textbook as well, â€Å"to have civil liberties means those personal freedoms that are protected for all individuals. Civil liberties typically involve restraining the government’s actions against individuals’. Our civil liberties are protected by our Bill of Rights, it protects us under the First†¦show more content†¦Trump had failed to speak up for civil rights causes.† Reading the article, it seemed like the African-American citizens were not fond of President Trump’s speech, let alone his presence in attending the ceremony. A lot of people think he is racist and taking away our n atural human rights as citizens for even allowing travel ban to certain countries. Living in the 21st century, civil rights including racism and respect should be a simple action to follow. On the contrary, life today is taking us back to the early 90s with all the human discrimination the world has going on. Regarding civil liberties, a recent story also regarding President Trump’s decision on travel ban, as stated in the last paragraph, has risen a lot of eyebrows. American citizens have the right to travel, not that it is a written right, however, we can be free with ourselves of traveling to other countries. With Trump banning travel from eight countries, several people, including The American Civil Liberties Union, feel that part of our rights were taken away from us. Some judges seem that this discriminates certain nationalities, and seems racist for President Trump to do. Civil liberties must be given to us under the words of the Constitution, no law nor president can take that away. There have been several court cases regarding civil liberties and civil rights for decades now. Two court case examples regarding civil rights, found on civilrights.org, are the 1886Show MoreRelatedCivil Rights And Civil Rights Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment 2305 7 OCT 2017 Civil rights verses civil liabilities. Civil rights entail the basic need to be free from unequal treatment based on characteristics such as gender, race, nationality and disability among others. Civil rights are political rights, economic rights and social rights that are entitled to every citizen by birth in order to participate fully without oppression or discrimination against. Civil rights violation occurs in almost all phases of human rights. In case of employment peopleRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1081 Words   |  5 Pages1 McGahey 3 Megan McGahey Sherry Sharifian GOVT 2305 71430 20 September 2017 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights In the U.S. most use the terms Civil Liberties and Civil Rights interchangeably; although they both protect the freedom of citizens they do this in different ways. 2 Civil Liberties are limitations placed on the government. These are things the government is restricted to do, by the constitution. Things that could interfere with personal freedom. 3 For example, the 1st amendment says thatRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1083 Words   |  5 Pages2017 1 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights 2 Civil Liberties are basic rights and freedoms that we are guaranteed by the government. You can find them in the Bill of Rights and in the Constitution. 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David Hume on Human Being and Human Knowledge Essay

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hume is an empiricist and a skeptic. He develops a philosophy that is generally approached in a manner as that of a scientist and therefore he thinks that he can come up with a law for human understanding. Hume investigates the understanding as an empiricist to try and understand the origins of human ideas. Empiricism is the notion that all knowledge comes from experience. Skepticism is the practice of not believing things in nature a priori, but instead investigating things to discover what is really true. Hume does not believe that all a posteriori knowledge is useful, too. He believes â€Å"all experience is useless unless predictive knowledge is possible.† There are various types of skepticism that Hume†¦show more content†¦Fire is burning paper. 2. Fire must burn paper. 3. Fire will burn paper. These are all a priori judgments. In other words, there are no connections between any of them. Hume does not believe a priori judgments are viabl e. In fact, he does not even believe all a posteriori judgments are viable, as was noted above. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Let us take a moment to talk about Hume’s origin of ideas. Hume believes in the classic theory of the blank slate – that when we are born, we come into the world with no ideas. Impression is an imprint, meaning that it is something outside the mind. Impressions are not a priori. Consider the mind to be like a ball of wax, knowledge refers to the imprints on the ball of wax. He’s looking for the intrinsic basis. His problem is that scientist and philosophers base knowledge off a priori. If you can trace the idea to the impression then you have the best idea. If you can’t then the origin is subjective. Primary qualities are not subjective; they are inseparable from the thing itself. The world that is out there, that makes an impression on your mind. Trace the idea to the impression. It is important to note that Hume believes we do not have impressions of the future. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is no empirical evidence that the past to carry on to the future. If the past has no rule for the future, experience becomes useless. It is then that customs render the future. â€Å" the mind is carried by custom to except heatShow MoreRelatedDavid Hume Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesDavid Hume Hume, David, 1711-76, Scottish philosopher and historian. Hume carried the empiricism of John Locke and George Berkeley to the logical extreme of radical skepticism. He repudiated the possibility of certain knowledge, finding in the mind nothing but a series of sensations, and held that cause-and-effect in the natural world derives solely from the conjunction ofRead MoreThe Philosophical Issue Of Knowledge1237 Words   |  5 Pagesis how do we acquire knowledge? Acquisition of knowledge is a culture that is very important in the day to day life of each individual. The world itself revolves around knowledge, it is through knowledge that we can get to grow as human beings either in or academics, careers and in life at general. Epistemology has been well explained by the well re-known philosophers such as David Hume and Rene Descartes. This paper focuses on a philosophical issue: how we acquire knowledge, the philosophers whoRead MoreDavid Hume ´s Philosophy Essay875 Words   |  4 Pages Hume’s Epistemology David Hume was a Scottish philosopher known for his ideas of skepticism and empiricism. Hume strived to better develop John Locke’s idea of empiricism by using a scientific study of our own human nature. We cannot lean on common sense to exemplify human conduct without offering any clarification to the subject. In other words, Hume says that since human beings do, as a matter of fact, live and function in this world, observation of how humans do so is imminent. The primaryRead More Age of reason Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesscience, and humanity. The people involved with the Age of Reason were convinced that human reason could discover the natural laws of the universe, the natural rights of mankind, and the progress in knowledge. Each philosopher had his own ideas and theories about the world, nature, and human beings in general, and every philosopher wrote many essays and books about their own personal ideas and opinions (Sartre4). David Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotlan d on May 7, 1711. Educated at home and then at theRead MoreThe Dawn Of The Enlightenment By David Hume1740 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the human condition were born. Namely, an emphasis on reason and logic as the primary mechanisms of humanity was developed. Prolific Scottish philosopher David Hume, best known for his radical use of skepticism to examine every possible concept in the vast index of Enlightenment values, emerged as a revolutionary departure from the traditional French and English Enlightenment thinkers. 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There is a collection of external factors that result in choices that lead to an individual to both reason and feel some sort of emotion. Objectively speaking, there is a no fine line between reasoning and how one feels, however there seems to be a distinct difference between the philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume views on the matter. Both are life changing philosophers with very opposing views. OneRead MoreDescartes vs. Hume Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesfor tr uth and knowledge in them. Finding truth and knowledge comes from the individual themselves, not necessarily from God. Descartes also believed that reason is the same for every single person. Descartes believed that nothing could be true unless we as humans could perceive it. He also believed that you could break down things into smaller simpler parts. Descartes also believed that there was a relationship between the mind and body. He also believed that the idea of being perfect originated

Australian Supermarket Industry Duopoly

Question: Discuss about the Australian Supermarket Industry Duopoly. Answer: Introduction The Australian free market is characterized by the existence of various duopolies. One of the major industries with a duopoly market structure is the supermarket industry. Characteristically, a duopoly market is one in which two companies control nearly all of the market share. More specifically, the two competing business units control the majority of the market sector for a given commodity. In Australia, Coles and Woolworths dominate a high proportion of the supermarket industrys market share. Notably, the two firms have controlled the Australian supermarket industry for a long time. However, in the article Aldi boosts range to win a bigger share of $90 billion grocery shop, Catie Low narrates how Aldi is trying to climb the ladder and attain a greater market share in the industry. Firstly, the Aldi seeks to increase the level of competition in the Coles and Woolworths dominated market. According to the article, Aldi plans to boost its grocery selection by approximately 20 percent in a bid to capture a significant proportion of Australias $90 billion grocery market (Low, 2017). Also, it aims at increasing its products by about 250 products to its range of 1450 items (Low, 2017). In turn, this will expand its stake by around 10 percent in the industry. Consequently, this will increase the level of competition to the existing supermarket duopolies in the country. Discussion Essentially, duopoly market structures exist where two sellers have control over the entire industry. It is a form of oligopoly, composed of mainly two large sellers who collude to keep other competitors out of the industry. Additionally, there is the presence of monopolistic characteristics in such markets brought about by the fact that most products are differentiated (Kumar, n.d.). Likewise, the customer loyalty between the two major supermarkets has guaranteed Coles and Woolworths a high market power. Notably, over the past few years, Woolworths and Coles have differentiated their products by integrating own branding techniques, thereby capturing the needs of its consumers (Jones, 2015). The differentiated products have also ensured that consumers believe that the products offered by one company have no direct substitutes. In turn, this has killed the level of competition in the market. Besides, the market concentration of the two markets allows them to set their prices. Cumulatively, the two firms own about 70 percent of the grocery market in the country. In this regard, they can influence the price levels for the products they offer (Leigh Triggs, 2017). On various occasions, Coles and Woolworths have been involved in price undercutting games, thereby reducing the prices of their goods and services. Furthermore, the two firms have many retailer shop fronts all over the country. Therefore, they have been able to cover a wider client area as compared to their competitors. Mainly, this is attributed to the fact their presence in various regions demonstrates the availability and reliability of grocery products in the Australian grocery industry in the country. Consequently, this has led to unfair competition, especially among small retailers in the country who cannot afford to lower their prices to the level set by the two duopolies. In turn, this causes them to make losses, thereby withdraw from the market Source: (Roy Morgan Research, 2016). Furthermore, Woolworths and Coles incorporate technology as a means to attract potential customers to their store. More specifically, the two firms have initiated banking facilities, fuel retail, and insurance in their product list. In turn, this has captured a wide array of customers who can now shop at one stop (Colvin, 2015). There are also additional rewards programs where the retailer stored information so that clients can earn discounts whenever they shop at Woolies and Coles stores. Subsequently, the two firms have substantially increased their market power and dominance, making it difficult for other small companies to compete effectively in the market. In this regard, the efforts initiated by Aldi in a bid to increase its market share and power will be a hard task. As such, the degree and level of competition instigated by Coles and Woolworths may smother the companys profits in the grocery industry, thereby forcing it to leave the market. Most predominantly, the price undercutting mechanism is a notorious strategy that the two duopolies use to drive out competition from the market (Knox, 2014). The proposed increase in its product range to around 1,700 will still be a small fraction of the size of the major supermarkets selection. On average, Coles and Woolworth's store's selection is about 25,000 lines (Low, 2017). For this reason, Aldi may be unable to achieve a substantial proportion of the market share, making it a price taker. In turn, this may result in high losses, following competitive strategies by the two largest retailers. Graphical presentation of market share over time as at 2016 Source: (Roy Morgan Research, 2016). Even so, there is hope for Aldi. Predominantly, one can attribute this to the fact that the company intends to open at least 25 stores every year in the eastern states and continue to expand into new territories of WA and South Australia (Low, 2017). By and large, this will broaden its market share, thus earning a bigger market share. Consequently, this will reinvigorate its sales growth in the mature markets and attract new shoppers with a larger selection of frozen lines and fresh produce. Most importantly, the timing of this changes is perfect. Recently, Coles boss announced that the retailer plans to cut its product lines. For this reason, Aldi will be able to capture Coles customers by offering them a variety of its product lines. It is imperative to note that the continued efforts by Aldi may eventually reap off, thereby accumulate a sizeable market share. Eventually, it may become one of the leading grocery retail stores in the Australian market competing back to back with Woo lworths and Coles. Supermarket customer penetration over time Source: (Roy Morgan Research, 2016), Conclusion Woolworths and Coles have dominated the Australian supermarket industry for a long time. The two duopolies control the retail sector through various mechanisms such as price undercutting and product differentiation. However, Aldi, a major retailer in the Supermarket industry is working its way up the top of the industry to attain a bigger market share in the sector. Essentially, this will be achieved through a continued increase in the number of product lines as well as an expansion in the number of stores. To an extent, this will expand the companys dominance in the market. Over time, Aldi will compete on level ground with Coles and Woolworths. References Colvin, M. (2015). Courts should be empowered to address Coles/Woolworths duopoly: Malcolm Knox. [Online] ABC. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4255287.htm [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Harper Review: a mixed basket for Coles and Woolworths. (2015). [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/harper-review-a-mixed-basket-for-coles-and-woolworths-39640 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Jones, E. (2011). Coles and Woolworths duopoly hard to swallow. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/coles-and-woolworths-duopoly-hard-to-swallow-533 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Knox, M. (2015). Supermarket monsters. [Online] the Monthly. Available at: https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/august/1406815200/malcolm-knox/supermarket-monsters [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Kumar, E. (2011). Top 8 Characteristics of an Oligopoly Market. [Online] Economics Discussions. Available at: https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/oligopoly/top-8-characteristics-of-a-oligopoly-market/7110 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Leigh, A., and Triggs, A. (2017). It's Time To Put Markets Ahead Of Monopolies. [Online] The Huffington Post. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/andrew-leigh/its-time-to-put-markets-ahead-of-monopolies/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Low, C. (2017). Aldi boosts range to win a bigger share of $90 billion grocery shop. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/aldi-boosts-range-to-win-bigger-share-of-90-billion-grocery-shop-20170412-gvj8x7.html [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Market Structures: Duopolies. (2015). [Online] Policonomics. Available at: https://www.policonomics.com/lp-market-structures-duopoly/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Supermarket Sweep: ALDIs share of the Aussie market still rising. (2016). [Online] Roy Morgan Research. Available at: https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6762-supermarket-sweep-aldis-share-of-aussie-market-still-rising-201604142258 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017].

To What Extent Unethical Marketing Technique free essay sample

To what extent unethical marketing techniques could damage the sustainable business environment. Discuss. Marketing is like a double-edged sword, if it is adopted properly, it will give profits to a company; however, if it is used inadequately, it will give harm. It is undeniable that today’s business operations have more intense competition level against each other due to the advancement of technology that allows people to receive more information. Marketing plays the key role in making products being recognized by consumers. To get people’s attention, some massages about the product need to be sent to the target market. With the high level of competition, the unethical marketing issues arise in order to make their own firms gain more attentions. However, this affects directly on customers as they are misled by dishonest advertisements, and it can impact the organization as well, as it destroys the sustainable business environment of a company. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Unethical Marketing Technique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The paper will firstly explain about the selected unethical marketing techniques that commonly used in advertising and promotion with some examples, and then will move on to the discussion about sustainable business environment and the impacts of unethical marketing practices to the organization. Unethical marketing techniques Dishonest advertising is commonly practiced by today businesses, and it is one of the top ten concerned ethical issues in marketing practices besides bribery and unfair pricing issues (Chonko amp; Hunt, 2000). The unethical marketing issues in advertisement have been a critical discussion for a long time because it is not a ‘recent phenomenon’. Dishonest advertising can be practiced through the promoting a false or misleading statement about the product in order to draw public attentions as advertisements are the powerful marketing tool persuading people to try and purchase the product (Thachappilli, 2010). Several selected advertising and promotion tactics that this paper will discuss are individual autonomy, consumer sovereignty, brand parody, and comparative advertising. Individual autonomy is considered to be unethical when a company focuses on those target audiences who have a low level of autonomy or maturity. The advertising targets at a group of people who are lack of ability to aware or respond to the product promoting through the psychoactive ads. This strategy arouses one’s desire toward a particular product, which affects and reflects is self-esteem and social status. It also uses the ‘sneer group pressure’ to lure people to follow the mainstream as they are in the materialism culture. The advertising promotion usually uses the role model to attract the target market. And, the victims of this kind of advertisement, usually, are young people, who lack of experience to recognize the manipulative power of advertising (Nwachukwu et al. , 1997). Unlike adults, children have less ability to differentiate between the marketing and the real fact. They also tend to belief in the advertisement and likely to have more purchase requests as many of them can influence parents’ spending decision. However, if those children live in poverty, this can trigger numerous social problems: young thieves, young drug dealers, and, the worst case, young murderers. The example of the advertisement that is heavily criticized about targeting on people who are not autonomous is from the famous athlete shoes brand, the Nike Air Jordan campaign. Critics support that Nike used the role model to target young people, who are not able to afford an expensive pair of athletic shoes (Nwachukwu et al. , 1997). Even though children are a lucrative market, it is unethical to target on them. Consumer sovereignty practice is more ethical when an advertisement focuses on people who are knowledgeable, aware of the uses of the product and the availability of alternative products or brands (high level of sovereignty consumers), but it is unethical when it targets to those who are less aware of these factors (low level of sovereignty consumers). For example, the consumers in developed countries, like from Europe and North America, are more knowledgeable and sophisticated than the consumers in developing countries, like from Africa. An unethical issue arises when an advertisement focuses on people who do not know about the information about the product, as well as its side effects, and the advertisement tries to misleading them. An example of unethical consumer sovereignty practice is the marketing of infant formula to those unknowledgeable mothers living in less developed nations during 1960s and 1970s. Those advertisements tried to promote the infant formula by sending out milk nurses, who were actually sales persons dressed up in nurse uniforms, to demonstrate the product and recommend those mothers to feed their babies with the infant formula. They misled the fact that breastfeeding is a better alternative choice. As the result of being uninformed mothers, higher numbers of sick and malnourished babies were reported due to the drop of breastfeeding and over blending the formula (Nwachukwu et al. , 1997). Hence, it is unethical to market on unknowledgeable group of people as this kind of advertisement fails to reveal the true fact that the consumer should know. Brand parody strategy is the act of using the certain physical trait from media, such as TV series, films, important events in society, book, in a humorous way. There are plenty of parodies in advertising nowadays. Unfortunately, there are limited numbers of researches studying further about a competitor brand parody. Zinkan and Johnson, the first two people studying parody in advertising, stated that â€Å"advertising reflects popular culture. In extreme case, their reflection takes the form of parody†. They also said that the level of success of a parody depends on the high level of recognition of the original advertisement by the audience. If the original one is launched by the popular company and is widely recognized, the parody version will be the talk of the town. Sony, the world’s leading electronic devices company, revealed that ‘only the best are copied’. Thus, the popularity of the original work can guarantee the success of a parody. However, it is unethical practice when it is done by competitors as it is used to attack rivals’ brand images and/or products. For instance, iPod was parodied by SanDisk. SanDisk posted a website called ‘iDon’t’ to persuade people to use Sansa e200 MP3 player by SanDisk rather than using iPod from Apple with a message said, â€Å"the time has come to rise up against the iTatorship. There is an alternative† (Jean, 2011; Krazit, 2006). This shows that SanDisk tried to provoke consumers not to use Apple products, and it is unethical to use a parody to attack a competitor. Figure 1: iDon’t advertising campaign From http://www. maccast. com/category/random-thoughts/page/4/ Comparative advertising strategy is the ads that mention one product is superior to another product. It is unethical when one company tries to launch advertisements that attack its competitors both directly and indirectly, with or without the mention of competitor’s title and/or goods, but there is a link between the advertiser and the competitors, and the competitors are affected by the campaign (â€Å"The danger,† n. d. ; Miskolczi-Bodnar, 2004). To illustrate, the famous fast food restaurant, Burger King, used the famous clown character, Ronald McDonald, from its competitor’s company, McDonald’s, in Burger King’s TV advertisement. It is obvious that the advertisement tries to communicate that even Ronald McDonald chooses Burger King’s hamburger (MARQUES, 2005). And, this is misleading as it effects McDonald’s reputation. In addition, this TV advertisement was banned in Germany and was a big discussion issue in Netherlands (van Leeuwen, 2005; MARQUES, 2005). Figure 2: Ronald McDonald visits Burger King advertising campaign From: http://www. marques. rg/Newsletters/Downloads/Issue%20No081. pdf The sustainable business environment can be greatly impacted by these unethical marketing practices. More and more companies use unethical techniques to market their target group, and sometimes, to beat their competitors. Those companies may select the unethical way to do marketing and may claim that it is technically legal as the action is not against the law, but it fails in term of the ethical view. Nevertheless, it is not worth for those companies to apply unethical marketing strategies as there are negative consequences from using these unethical tactics. Before discussing about the negative impacts of immoral marketing techniques, let’s take a look at the sustainable business environment first. Lee Cockerell, the former executive vice president of operations for Walt Disney World Resort, gives his opinion about the sustainable business environment by stating that â€Å"good leaders are environmentalists: their responsibility is to create a sustainable business environment—that is, one that is calm, clear, crisp, and clean, with no pollution, no toxins, and no waste—in which everyone flourishes† (â€Å"Creating a sustainable,† 2009). It is clear that to have the sustainable business environment, a company should adopt and enforce the ethical ways to do business within the organization. A company is required to go beyond the line: besides following the law, rules, and regulations, a company needs to implement codes of ethics along with activities in the organization to promote and reduce unethical behaviors (Chonko amp; Hunt, 2000; Nwachukwu et al. , 1997). Being an ethical ompany and having sustainable business environment can give the firm several advantages, which are: creating trust among stakeholders, which can also attract more financial sources from ethical investors: getting positive brand image and word of mouths from customers, which can raise more demand from ethical-concerned customers: enhancing reputation, which can raise brand awareness from society—and these benefit a firm in long-run as working in an ethical working environment can motivate employees—leading to better business perfor mance, and a company will get better support from public (â€Å"Ethical issues,† n. . ; Thachapilly, 2010). With the higher degree of competition, a company may adopt unethical marketing techniques to get attention and to attack other companies. However, consumers are now more aware of ethical issues than ever. With the advance of information technology, they have a chance to gain more information and freely give opinions toward a product and service (Thachappilly, 2010). And, this forces a company to implement more ethical techniques in doing a business, including the marketing process, as consumers can trace what advertisers have claimed from the Internet (Perkins, 2007). If a company is regarded as unethical one or adopting unethical marketing tactics, that company cannot retain its sustainable business environment because of being dishonest to its consumers. The damage of using unethical marketing techniques is detrimental. It will drastically damage the brand image, reputation, and customers’ perception toward a company—and these will impact its operation as the consequence. According to Thomas et al. (2002), intangible evidence, like ethical image and behaviors, is usually evaluated and judged by customers—and this is how customers perceive the brand. If the customers see that a company adopts unethical tactics, they will perceive that company as a dishonest one, which can affect their future purchasing decisions. Ferrell (n. d. ) stated that â€Å"reputation is a marketing asset†. She further explained that it is also another greatest intangible asset of an organization because it built over years of operation. Only one negative occurrence can negatively affect customers’ perceptions toward the brand image and its reputation for a long period of time. This can also impact on sales margin and customer relationship, as a company destroys their trusts. It takes time to develop positive reputation, but it can be destroyed in a blink of the eye, and it cannot restore right away. All above, customers have high influence on a company as they one of the primary stakeholders: ones who support its product and can make the business run. They may punish a dishonest firm by boycotting its goods, avoiding purchasing, and even condemning the brand on the Internet or social network—this is the power of public opinion (Jean, 2010; Thachapilly, 2009). In shareholders’ dimension, new investors may refuse to buy shares from a company that practices unethical behaviors and has bad image. Employees may seek for a new job in a good reputation for responsible behavior company as their current workplace is known as unethical firm, they do not have motivation to work for an unethical organization. Moreover, an unethical firm may lose its market shares to competitors who use more ethical techniques. All these consequence damages the sustainable environment of a business. All in all, plenty of unethical marketing techniques are adopted by many business operations. The selected techniques are related to the advertisement and promotion. First one is advertisements targeting on not autonomous audience, like young people, through the use of their desires, social forces and role models. Second technique is about advertisement focusing on low sovereignty consumer, or those who have limited information about a product and falsely suggested by sales representatives to use that good without knowing that there are other choices of consumption. The third technique is the brand parody strategy, which is the remade version of advertisement by a competitor that can harm the original work’s image and reputation. The fourth strategy is the comparative advertising strategy that advertisers intend to compare its product with the competitor’s product and persuade that their product is better. Adopting unethical marketing practices can damage the sustainability business environment. Consumers may go against the product from unethical business operators since they have a bad perception toward the brand image. The bad reputation will affect the sustainable environment as well, as it affects investors’ decision making in buying shares from that company. Employees may resign from the company that has unsustainable business environment as it is titled as an irresponsible and immoral firm and they are lack of motivation to work for an unethical organization. Lastly, the public will support alternative brands that are more ethical in doing their businesses. And, this makes the company losing its sustainable business environment as the unethical ways give only short-term benefits, which is enjoying profits, rather than giving long-term advantages. References Chonko, L.